The oldest record of Neosuchians has been suggested to be Calsoyasuchus, from the Early Jurassic of Arizona, which in many analyses has been recovered as the earliest branching member of the neosuchian family Goniopholididae, which radically alters times of diversification for crocodylomorphs. [195] Neosauropods such as macronarians and diplodocoids first appeared during the Middle Jurassic, before becoming abundant and globally distributed during the Late Jurassic. *answer: the sum of the number of protons plus the number of neutrons. The Triassic Period: the rise of the dinosaurs - Natural History Museum [83], Conifers formed a dominant component of Jurassic floras. Chilesaurus and the early evolution of ornithischian dinosaurs', "A Triassic averostran-line theropod from Switzerland and the early evolution of dinosaurs", "The oldest ceratosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Lower Jurassic of Italy, sheds light on the evolution of the three-fingered hand of birds", "Extreme Ontogenetic Changes in a Ceratosaurian Theropod", "Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution", "Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Caadn Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs", "A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods", "Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur, "Alvarezsaurid osteology: new data on cranial anatomy", "A new Jurassic scansoriopterygid and the loss of membranous wings in theropod dinosaurs", "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight", "The Origin of Birds: Current Consensus, Controversy, and the Occurrence of Feathers", "Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships", "Integumentary Structures in Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus, a Basal Neornithischian Dinosaur from the Jurassic of Siberia", "Phylogeny of Basal Iguanodonts (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): An Update", "A New Taxon of Basal Ceratopsian from China and the Early Evolution of Ceratopsia", "Extinction of herbivorous dinosaurs linked to Early Jurassic global warming event", "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism", "A Giant Dinosaur from the Earliest Jurassic of South Africa and the Transition to Quadrupedality in Early Sauropodomorphs", "Stratigraphy of the Vulcanodon type locality and its implications for regional correlations within the Karoo Supergroup", "Origin and evolution of turiasaur dinosaurs set by means of a new 'rosetta' specimen from Spain", "The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China", "Re-examination of Dashanpusaurus dongi (Sauropoda: Macronaria) supports an early Middle Jurassic global distribution of neosauropod dinosaurs", "Late Triassic Terrestrial Tetrapods: Biostratigraphy, Biochronology and Biotic Events", "Amphibians from the Middle Jurassic Balabansai Svita in the Fergana Depression, Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia)", "The last Labyrinthodont? Ferns and mosses grew on the ground, but there were still no flowering plants or grass. The impact is dated to the Tithonian, approximately 146.06 0.16 Mya. [191], Basal bipedal sauropodomorphs, such as massospondylids, continued to exist into the Early Jurassic, but became extinct by the beginning of the Middle Jurassic. Predatory dinosaurs of the Jurassic included fearsome carnosaurs such as Allosaurus, small, fast coelurosaurs, and ceratosaurs such as Dilophosaurus. (2013; updated). Scientists have traditionally divided the dinosaur group into two orders: the bird-hipped Ornithischia and the lizard-hipped Saurischia. Named for the Jura Mountains on the border between France and Switzerland, where rocks of this age were first studied, the Jurassic has become a household word with the success of the movie Jurassic Park. [245] The closely related Squaloraja and myriacanthoids are also known from the Jurassic of Europe. So, these signposts are accurate in the year 2020, but may need to be updated every few years as we learn even more! Scientists now think that the most likely explanation for the extinction of the dinosaurs is that Earth was hit by a large asteroid. Mesozoic | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov However, it was not only the dinosaurs that prospered during the time period. The beginning of the Toarcian Stage started around 183 million years ago and is marked by the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, a global episode of oceanic anoxia, ocean acidification, and elevated temperatures associated with extinctions, likely caused by the eruption of the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous provinces. How long did the mesozoic era last? - Quora [144] It is thought that the ancestral condition for mesochelydians is aquatic, as opposed to terrestrial for testudinates. In: Arratia G, Tintori A, editors. [235] The oldest known ray (Batoidea) is Antiquaobatis from the Pliensbachian of Germany. [89] The reproductive structures of Austrohamia have strong similarities to those of the primitive living cypress genera Taiwania and Cunninghamia. [192] Gravisaurian sauropods first appeared during the Early Jurassic, with the oldest definitive record being Vulcanodon from Zimbabwe, likely of Sinemurian age. They include the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Early plesiosaurs were generally small-bodied, with body size increasing into the Toarcian. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Youre about to walk through a small part of geologic time as seen in the green, blue, and yellow sections of the diagram below. [11], Alcide d'Orbigny in 1842 named the Bajocian Stage after the town of Bayeux (Latin: Bajoce) in Normandy, France. Others who helped realize the final version: Ellen Seefelt (design of plaques), David Govoni, (paleontology, editing),USGS OSQI staff (funding,administrative support, website), Pannier (signs), Berntsen Trail Posts (age markers), and Nealon Property Management (installation). You will see a signpost every 10 million years and will move forward in time until you reach the 0 signpost that means 0 millions of years before present or more simply, TODAY! [162] Ophthalmosaurids were diverse by the Late Jurassic, but failed to fill many of the niches that had been occupied by ichthyosaurs during the Early Jurassic. Geologists divide the rocks of the Jurassic into a stratigraphic set of units called stages, each formed during corresponding time intervals called ages. Did you know? A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Sessile filter feeders and photosymbiotic organisms were among most severely affected. The first appearance datum of specific ammonite taxa is used to mark the beginnings of stages, as well as smaller timespans within stages, referred to as "ammonite zones"; these, in turn, are also sometimes subdivided further into subzones. Calpionellids, an enigmatic group of planktonic protists with urn-shaped calcitic tests briefly abundant during the latest Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous, have been suggested to represent the most promising candidates for fixing the JurassicCretaceous boundary[16] In particular, the first appearance Calpionella alpina, co-inciding with the base of the eponymous Alpina subzone, has been proposed as the definition of the base of the Cretaceous. The effects of the end Triassic extinction were greatest at tropical latitudes and were more severe in Panthalassa than the Tethys or Boreal oceans. We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Neosuchia represents the transition from an ancestrally terrestrial lifestyle to a freshwater aquatic ecology similar to that occupied by modern crocodilians. [136] The morphological diversity of crocodylomorphs during the Early Jurassic was around the same as those of Late Triassic pseudosuchians, but they occupied different areas of morphospace, suggesting that they occupied different ecological niches to their Triassic counterparts and that there was an extensive and rapid radiation of crocodylomorphs during this interval. Life began to appear around 3.5 billion (3,500,000,000) years ago. Today, many scientists now regard birdsto bedinosaurs! An official website of the United States government. Insects, birds, and pterosaurs flew in the sky, and small mammals ran on the ground. Named for the Jura Mountains on the border between France and Switzerland, where rocks of this age were first studied, the Jurassic has become a household word with the success of the movie Jurassic Park. [271] Coccolithophores and dinoflagellates, which had first appeared during the Triassic, radiated during the Early to Middle Jurassic, becoming prominent members of the phytoplankton. The largest mass extinction in the Earths history occurred during the latter part of the Permian Period. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS [3] The GSSP for the base of the Aalenian is located at Fuentelsaz in the Iberian range near Guadalajara, Spain, and was ratified in 2000. This mass extinction was so severe that only 10 percent or less of the species present during the time of maximum biodiversity in the Permian survived to the end of the period. Earth is really, really oldabout 4.6 billion years old! We say out-loud "Carbon-14" when we read 14C. The Mesozoic era appeared to have been a warm, humid and arid climate with hardly any change between seasons. Geologic periods. For global stratigraphic correlation, the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) ratify global stages based on a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) from a single formation (a stratotype) identifying the lower boundary of the stage. Flowering plants appeared, which were the ancestors of todays herbs, flowers, and broad-leaved trees. The major divisions of the Mesozoic Era are, from oldest to youngest, the Triassic Period, the Jurassic Period, and the Cretaceous Period. Despite the fact that dinosaurs no longer walk the Earth as they did during the Mesozoic Era, unmistakable traces of these enormous reptiles can be identified in their modern-day descendants: birds. Some fluctuations with large magnitudes and short durations, such as near the base of the Permian Period, are likely the result of glaciation. A major radiation of Jurassic pterosaurs is the Rhamphorhynchidae, which first appeared in the late Early Jurassic (Toarcian);[169] they are thought to been piscivorous. Scientific Reports, 9: 11727. [160][161] At the EarlyMiddle Jurassic boundary, between the end of the Toarcian and the beginning of the Bajocian, most lineages of ichythosaur appear to have become extinct, with the first appearance of the Ophthalmosauridae, the clade that would encompass almost all ichthyosaurs from then on, during the early Bajocian. Some dinosaurs were bipedal, which means they walked on two legs. [27], During the Jurassic, the North Atlantic Ocean remained relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the Cretaceous. Most of the modern stages of the Jurassic were formalized at the Colloque du Jurassique Luxembourg in 1962.[3]. The Mesozoic is best known as the time of the dinosaurs. nov. from the Middle Jurassic of TurpanHami Basin, NW China", "Ricciopsis sandaolingensis sp. Geologists divide Earths long history into a series of time zones, from the origin of the planet, about 4,600 million years ago, right up to the present day. Omissions? ActiveWild.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for website owners to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon stores. [287], Like the preceding Triassic, bryozoan diversity was relatively low compared to the Paleozoic. 5.10: Mesozoic Era - The Age of Dinosaurs - Biology LibreTexts * Dates from the International Commission on Stratigraphy's International Stratigraphic Chart, 2009. Mesozoic Era | Geology, Climate & Lifeforms | Britannica Leaves of Bennettitales can be distinguished from those of cycads their different arrangement of stomata, and the two groups are not thought to be closely related. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Because a group of dinosaurs branched off and evolved into birds, they are still considered to be dinosaurs. Updated: 10/12/2021 The Mesozoic Era The Mesozoic Era is commonly subdivided into three geologic periods: Triassic (252 to 201.3 million years ago) Jurassic (201.3 to 145 million years ago). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The vast majority of Jurassic bryozoans are members of Cyclostomatida, which experienced a radiation during the Middle Jurassic, with all Jurassic representatives belonging to the suborders Tubuliporina and Cerioporina. [109] The Nilssoniales have often been considered cycads or cycad relatives, but have been found to be distinct on chemical grounds, and perhaps more closely allied with Bennettitales. During the Triassic period, Pangaea still formed one massive supercontinent. The Panthalassa and Tethys also contained scattered fragments of continental crust (microcontinents), basaltic volcanic island arcs, oceanic plateaus, and trenches. [251] Modern representatives of both dragonflies and damselflies also first appeared during the Jurassic. The Triassic Period (252-201 million years ago) began after Earth's worst-ever extinction event devastated life. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. As weve seen in many of our dinosaur pages, scientists now consider birds to be dinosaurs. [42], During the Early Jurassic the world's oceans transitioned from an aragonite sea to a calcite sea chemistry, favouring the dissolution of aragonite and precipitation of calcite. [18], The Kimmeridge Clay and equivalents are the major source rock for the North Sea oil. [143], Stem-group turtles (Testudinata) diversified during the Jurassic. Ferns, ginkgoes, and palm-like cycadeoids and cycads grew near streams. The Toarcian was named by Alcide d'Orbigny in 1842, with the original locality being Vrines quarry around 2km northwest of Thouars. [9], The village Thouars (Latin: Toarcium), just south of Saumur in the Loire Valley of France, lends its name to the Toarcian Stage. Triassic - Wikipedia Mnchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil; 2004. p. 279315. The Mesozoic Era. Welcome to the USGS Trek Through Time, where you can walk part of geologic history! [264] The only scorpion known from the Jurassic is Liassoscorpionides from the Early Jurassic of Germany, of uncertain placement. The Toarcian Warm Interval is followed by the Middle Jurassic Cool Interval (MJCI) between 174 and 164 million years ago,[47] which may have been punctuated by brief, ephemeral icehouse intervals. Rather, rocks in selected parks exemplify a certain event or preserve fossils or rocks from a certain geologic age. [43] The rise of calcareous plankton during the Middle Jurassic profoundly altered ocean chemistry, with the deposition of biomineralized plankton on the ocean floor acting as a buffer against large CO2 emissions. [139] Within Thalattosuchia, the Metriorhynchidae became highly adapted for life in the open ocean, including the transformation of limbs into flippers, the development of a tail fluke, and smooth, scaleless skin. The major divisions are called eras. The Permian Period derives its name from the Russian region of Perm, where rocks deposited during this time are particularly well developed. However, this placement has been disputed, with some analyses finding it outside Neosuchia, which would place the oldest records of Neosuchia in the Middle Jurassic. [262] Mongolarachne from the Middle Jurassic of China is among the largest known fossil spiders, with legs over 5 centimetres long. Its range extended northwards into polar latitudes of Siberia and then contracted northward in the Middle to Late Jurassic, corresponding to the increasing aridity of the region. The chronostratigraphic term "Jurassic" is linked to the Jura Mountains, a forested mountain range that mainly follows the FranceSwitzerland border. The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into three Eras: Each Era is split into even smaller parts known as Periods and Epochs. Reefs sharply declined at the close of the Jurassic,[269] which caused an associated drop in diversity in decapod crustaceans. A new brachyopoid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the early Jurassic Evergreen formation of Queensland, Australia", "A new species of Notobatrachus (Amphibia, Salientia) from the Middle Jurassic of northwestern Patagonia", "An updated paleontological timetree of lissamphibians, with comments on the anatomy of Jurassic crown-group salamanders (Urodela)", "A Triassic stem-salamander from Kyrgyzstan and the origin of salamanders", "Long bone histology of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan", "A new stem hynobiid salamander (Urodela, Cryptobranchoidea) from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) of Liaoning Province, China", "Late Jurassic salamandroid from western Liaoning, China", "A New Basal Salamandroid (Amphibia, Urodela) from the Late Jurassic of Qinglong, Hebei Province, China", "A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America", "A review of the fossil record of caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophionomorpha) with comments on its use to calibrate molecular timetrees", "Guelb el Ahmar (Bathonian, Anoual Syncline, eastern Morocco): First continental flora and fauna including mammals from the Middle Jurassic of Africa", "A swimming mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and ecomorphological diversification of early mammals", "New gliding mammaliaforms from the Jurassic", "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", "Tip dating supports novel resolutions of controversial relationships among early mammals", "The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity", "The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage", "The asynchronous disappearance of conodonts: New constraints from Triassic-Jurassic boundary sections in the Tethys and Panthalassa", "Global climate changes account for the main trends of conodont diversity but not for their final demise", "Evolutionary history of lungfishes with a new phylogeny of post-Devonian genera", "Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths", "A new coelacanth (Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) from the Jurassic of France, and the question of the closest relative fossil to Latimeria", 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0481:ANCASF]2.0.CO;2, "Revision of two relic actinopterygians from the Middle or Upper Jurassic Karabastau Formation, Karatau Range, Kazakhstan", "Redescription of Yanosteus longidorsalis Jin et al., (Chondrostei, Acipenseriformes, Peipiaosteidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China", "History of two lineages: Comparative analysis of the fossil record in Amiiformes and Pycnodontiformes (Osteischtyes, Actinopterygii)", "Earliest known lepisosteoid extends the range of anatomically modern gars to the Late Jurassic", "A specimen of Paralycoptera Chang & Chou 1977 (Teleostei: Osteoglossoidei) from Hong Kong (China) with a potential Late Jurassic age that extends the temporal and geographical range of the genus", "Hybodont sharks of the English Bathonian and Callovian (Middle Jurassic)", "Extinction and dawn of the modern world in the Carnian (Late Triassic)", "Diversification of the Neoselachii (Chondrichthyes) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous", "A new Pliensbachian elasmobranch (Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes) assemblage from Europe, and its contribution to the understanding of late Early Jurassic elasmobranch diversity and distributional patterns", "The Late Jurassic ray Kimmerobatis etchesi gen. et sp. At the beginning of the period, glaciation was widespread, and latitudinal climatic belts were strongly developed. [150] Rhynchocephalians disappeared from Asia after the Early Jurassic. From there, dinosaurs have been broken down into numerous genera (e.g. This era includes 3 well known periods called the Triassic , Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. [186] The basal neornithischian Kulindadromeus from the Middle Jurassic of Russia indicates that at least some ornithischians were covered in protofeathers. Jurassic - Wikipedia Crocodiles, turtles, and lizards flourished, and the first snakes appeared. The Cenozoic era began about 65 million years ago and continues into the present. They evolved from a group of reptiles called Archosaurs. A billion is equal to 1000 million, and numbers that large can be challenging to think about. Previous: Most of Earths land area was incorporated into Pangea, which was surrounded by an immense world ocean called Panthalassa. The first part of the Jurassic was marked by the Early Jurassic Cool Interval between 199 and 183 million years ago. [62] This likely accelerated the hydrological cycle and increased silicate weathering, as evidenced by an increased amount of organic matter of terrestrial origin found in marine deposits during the TOAE. Plant-eating dinosaurs grew body armour for protection. Therefore, when we talk about dinosaurs on this page, were referring to non-avian dinosaurs i.e. Oak, maple, walnut, magnolia, and beech trees grew alongside the still abundant conifers, cycads, and tree ferns. During the Mesozoic Era (a period of more than 180 million years that included the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods), a species of non-avian dinosaur evolved into a species of avian dinosaur. Join the thousands of Active Wild subscribers who receive free wildlife and science news & info direct to their inboxes! Due to their berry-like seed-bearing capsules, they have often been suggested to have been closely related or perhaps ancestral to flowering plants, but the evidence for this is inconclusive. Although they were mildly seasonal, there were also areas of mild climate, and forest landscapes as well. Dinosaurs appeared on Earth between 243 and 231 million years ago. Mesozoic Era: The Age of Dinosaurs - ArcGIS StoryMaps Tapestry of Time and Terrain is a USGS geologic map of the United States. Non-bird dinosaurs lived between about 245 and 66 million years ago, in a time known as the Mesozoic Era. This is not to say that a particular park has only rocks from the specified period. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era and is named after the Jura Mountains, where limestone strata from the period were first identified. The Triassic Period, in geologic time, is the first period of the Mesozoic Era. IF you want to learn more about dinosaurs and the Mesozoic Era, there are plenty more Active Wild articles for you to enjoy: If you enjoyed this page, feel free to share it on social media using the buttons provided, or link to it from your own website! [155] Dorsetisaurus from the Late Jurassic of North America and Europe represents the oldest widely accepted record of Anguimorpha. They first appeared between 243 and 231 million years ago, during the Triassic period. The climate of the Jurassic was warmer than the present, and there were no ice caps. [216] Therian mammals, represented today by living placentals and marsupials, appear during the early Late Jurassic, represented by Juramaia, a eutherian mammal closer to the ancestry of placentals than marsupials. [166][162] Plesiosaurs invaded freshwater environments during the Jurassic, with indeterminate remains of small-bodied pleisosaurs known from freshwater sediments from the Jurassic of China and Australia. [262] The Early Jurassic Seppo koponeni may represent a stem group to Palpimanoidea. In the Triassic Period all land was joined together as one great landmass. The base of the Oxfordian lacks a defined GSSP. Liston, J., Newbrey, M., Challands, T., and Adams, C., 2013, "Growth, age and size of the Jurassic pachycormid, Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point, "International Chronostratigraphic Chart", The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart, "The Global Stratotype Sections and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Jurassic System at Kuhjoch (Karwendel Mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Tyrol, Austria)", "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Sinemurian Stage (Lower Jurassic)", "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower Jurassic), Wine Haven, Yorkshire, UK", "Base of the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche section (Portugal)", "Palynology of the ToarcianAalenian Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at Fuentelsaz (LowerMiddle Jurassic, Iberian Range, Spain)", "Definition of the Aalenian-Bajocian Stage boundary", "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bs Section, SE France", "International Commission on Stratigraphy-Subcommission on Jurassic Stratigraphy", "Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages across the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary (Upper Jurassic) at Flodigarry, Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, Scotland a proposed GSSP for the base of the Kimmeridgian", "Developments with fixing a Tithonian/Berriasian (J/K) boundary", "Fixing a J/K boundary: A comparative account of key TithonianBerriasian profiles in the departments of Drme and Hautes-Alpes, France", "Revision of the ammonite index species Berriasella jacobi Mazenot, 1939 and its consequences for the biostratigraphy of the Berriasian Stage", "Kimmeridgian Shales Total Petroleum System of the North Sea Graben Province", "Chapter 1 Introduction to the Jurassic Arabian Intrashelf Basin", "Hydrocarbon potential of Sargelu Formation and oil-source correlation, Iraqi Kurdistan", "Source Rock Assessment of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan", "Coal petrology and genesis of Jurassic coal in the Ordos Basin, China", "Timescales of impact melt sheet crystallization and the precise age of the Morokweng impact structure, South Africa", "Resolving the age of the Puchezh-Katunki impact structure (Russia) against alteration and inherited 40Ar* No link with extinctions", "An Atlas of Phanerozoic Paleogeographic Maps: The Seas Come In and the Seas Go Out", Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, "Style of rifting and the stages of Pangea breakup", "Tectonic evolution of Western Tethys from Jurassic to present day: coupling geological and geophysical data with seismic tomography models", "Marine and terrestrial sedimentation across the TJ transition in the North German Basin", Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, "Jurassic climate mode governed by ocean gateway", "Numerical paleoceanographic study of the Early Jurassic Transcontinental Laurasian Seaway", "Tidal circulation in an ancient epicontinental sea: The Early Jurassic Laurasian Seaway", "An analysis of dinosaurian biogeography: evidence for the existence of vicariance and dispersal patterns caused by geological events", Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, "Reappraisal of the timing of the breakup of Gondwana based on sedimentological and seismic evidence from the Morondava Basin, Madagascar", "Reconstruction of the East Africa and Antarctica continental margins: AFRICA-ANTARCTICA RECONSTRUCTION", "The Conflicting Paleontologic versus Stratigraphic Record of the Formation of the Caribbean Seaway", American Association of Petroleum Geologists, "The Arrival of Wrangellia and the Nevadan Orogeny: Late Triassic to Late Jurassic: Ca.
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