Jorge Rafael Videla, Jailed Argentine Military Leader, Dies at 87 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. [31][32], Pursuant with these military agreements, Somoza's Guardsmen were sent to police and military academies in Argentina to undergo training and Argentina began to send arms and advisors to Nicaragua to bolster the National Guard, in addition to similar services being provided by the United States. Between December 1977 and February 1978, the bodies of five women, including Villaflor, two other members of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo and two French nuns who were helping mothers search for their loved ones washed up. Adolfo Scilingo, an Argentine naval officer during the junta, was tried for his role in jettisoning drugged and naked political dissidents from military aircraft to their deaths in the Atlantic Ocean during the junta years. The Dirty War ( Spanish: Guerra sucia) is the name used by the military junta or civic-military dictatorship of Argentina (Spanish: dictadura cvico-militar de Argentina) for the period of state terrorism [12] [10] [13] in Argentina [14] [15] from 1974 to 1983 as a part of Operation Condor, during which military and security forces and death squ. Notably, Sigaut abandoned the sliding exchange rate mechanism and devalued the peso, after boasting that "they who gamble on the dollar, will lose". Pope Francis: what did he really do in Argentina in the 1970s? In 1989, President Carlos Menem pardoned them during his first year in office, which was highly controversial. The Argentine Armed Forces seized political power during the March 1976 coup against the presidency of neutralist (non-Communist or non-Democratic) Isabel Pern, the successor and widow of former President Juan Pern, at a time of growing economic and political instability. Argentina's Last Military Junta - MAKING OF THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD It was something I had already experienced.. Police arrested a Brazilian man after the attempt on Fernndez de Kirchners life but have not given a possible motive for the attack. As the drug took effect, they were hooded, bound and loaded aboard a plane. It was also stuck for a few days in Bolivia due to inclement weather. Closing arguments were heard on September 18. In December 2018, two former executives of a local Ford Motor Company plant near Buenos Aires, Pedro Muller and Hector Sibilla, were convicted for their involvement in the abduction and torture of 24 workers during the reign of the military junta. All of the Trial's judges traveled to Oslo on April 25 of that year with 147 VHS tapes which were given to the Norwegian Parliament in order to keep them safe and avoid any commercial use. This Vietnam-style intervention aimed to eliminate the guerrillas in the Tucumn jungle, who had maintained strongholds in the area as early as May 1974. It became dangerous to socialize with those who spoke out . In 1977 and 1978 the United States sold more than $120,000,000 in spare military parts to Argentina, and in 1977 the U.S. Department of Defense granted $700,000 to train 217 Argentine military officers. Argentine dictatorship's 'death flight' plane returned from Florida Some of them vanished aboard the "death flights.". [59] There had been two previous trials after the Supreme Court struck down an amnesty the military dictatorship had granted its members; in the first the one accused committed suicide before a verdict was reached; in a 2009 trial twelve defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment. 1 of La Plata rendered decision on a public trial for crimes committed during the civilian-military dictatorship in Argentina (19761983) in the network of clandestine detention, torture and extermination centers ("clandestine centers") known as the "Camps Circuit". [14] By February 1976, three service commanders had requested that she resign from the presidency. By the end of 1982, the Contras were conducting attacks deeper inside Nicaragua than before. Ciancaglini, Sergio, and Granovsky, Martn. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla), In 2006, the government tried Miguel Etchecolatz, the first to be prosecuted of potentially 600 defendants. The trial, at which 29 former officials were sentenced to life in prison, proved that the dictatorship used death flights as a systematic mode of extermination. [16], During his tenure, the foreign debt increased fourfold, and disparities between the upper and lower classes became much more pronounced. The military of Argentina has always been highly influential in Argentine politics, and Argentine history is laced with frequent and prolonged intervals of military rule. [27], In 1978, president Jimmy Carter secured a congressional cutoff of all U.S. arms transfers for the human rights violations.[28]. The Junta assumed the executive power until 29 March when Videla was designated president. He was convicted in Spain in 2005 of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 640 years in prison. National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons, "Violence de masse et Rsistance Rseau de recherche", "No State Apparatus Goes to Bed Genocidal Then Wakes Up Democratic", "Argentine Tells of Dumping 'Dirty War' Captives Into Sea", "Victims of 'death flights': Drugged, dumped by aircraft but not forgotten", "Jorge Rafael Videla | president of Argentina | Britannica", "Argentina - Military government, 196673 | Britannica", "Los anios de Martinez de Hoz por Juan Alemann", "Jos Alfredo Martinez de Hoz - Biografa", "Economists and Economic Policy: Argentina since 1958", "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America", "Kissinger backed dirty war against left in Argentina", On 30th Anniversary of Argentine Coup: New Declassified Details on Repression and U.S. Support for Military Dictatorship, "Los secretos de la guerra sucia continental de la dictadura", Captulos desconocidos de los mercenarios chilenos en Honduras camino de Iraq, "Nicaragua: U.S. Support for the Contras". [citation needed], The rank of brigadier-general in the Argentine Air Force is equivalent to 3-star or 4-star rank. After he went missing, she founded the group Mothers of Plaza de Mayo to demand information about disappeared children, and then was herself detained and killed. At the end of the Eduardo Galeano article, he lays out a series of platitudes, goals, and hopes for the future. Dirty War | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica As early as 1979, the National Reorganization Process supported the Salvadoran government militarily with intelligence training, weapons and counterinsurgency advisors. On the release of the March 28th publication, the newspaper also explained that the Junta had been recognized by thirty two countries already as the government of Argentina.[17]. Alemann inherited an economy in deep recession in the aftermath of Jos Alfredo Martnez de Hoz's economic policies of the late 1970s. A plane used in the last Argentine military dictatorship (1976-1983) in 1977 to throw alive into the sea three members of the organisation Mothers of Plaza de Mayo, is seen on the tarmac of Jorge Newbery International Airport in Buenos Aires, Argentina June 26, 2023. Witnesses and the judges were threatened, and immediately after the sentencing, Julio Jorge Lpez disappeared. Human rights groups estimate 30,000 were slain, many of whom disappeared without a trace. In October the country was divided into five military zones, with each commander given full autonomy to unleash a carefully planned wave of repression. [4], The original video tapes of the trial have been in Norway since 1988. This trial, which officially began on 22 April 1985, is so far the only example of such a large scale procedure by a democratic government against a former dictatorial government of the same country in Latin America. Putting the plane on display will help Argentines understand the reality of the dictatorship, activists say. Some of them vanished aboard the . Signed: General Jorge Rafael Videla, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera and Brigadier Orlando Ramn Agosti. Cecilia De Vincenti, daughter of the late Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo's founder, Azucena Villaflor, in Buenos Aires on June 15. [15], He freed exports (removed existing prohibitions and quotas and export taxes were repealed) and imports (removed existing prohibitions, quotas, and licenses and gradually reduced import tariffs). [19] Under the Military government, media coverage was also restricted, with the Junta exercising control over the media. US Declassified Documents: Argentine Junta Security Forces Killed [37] Shortly thereafter, Argentina oversaw the relocation of Contra bases from Guatemala to Honduras. Mitre uses some of the original testimony presented to court, including a woman forced to give birth in the back of a police car surrounded by laughing thugs, and mothers whose children were abducted and never returned home. Giscard d'Estaing et Messmer pourraient tre entendus sur l'aide aux dictatures sud-amricaines", "N 1295 Rapport de M. Roland Blum sur la proposition de rsolution de M. Nol MAMRE et plusieurs de ses collgues tendant la cration d'une commission d'enqute sur le rle de la France dans le soutien aux rgimes militaires d'Amrique latine entre 1973 et 1984 (1060)", "Argentine: M. de Villepin dfend les firmes franaises", "La alianza entre la Junta argentina y la URSS", "Genocide on Trial: Case Note and Extracts of 'Circuito Camps' Judgment", "Llega a su fin juicio por crmenes de lesa humanidad en Argentina, julio 2015", "Ex-Ford Argentina executives convicted in torture case; victims may sue in U.S.", brigadier-general in the Argentine Air Force, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights report on Argentina, "Breaking the silence: the Catholic Church in Argentina and the 'dirty war'", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Reorganization_Process&oldid=1162182524, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles containing Spanish-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 27 June 2023, at 14:08. For us, as family members, its very important that the plane be part of history, because the bodies as well as the plane tell exactly what happened, Cecilia De Vincenti, Villaflors daughter, told The Associated Press. In 2006, thirty years after the coup d'tat that started the Proceso, the Day of Memory was declared a national public holiday. [45] The Argentine government ratified an agreement by which U.S. intelligence would provide the Argentine government with intelligence and logistics support for an arms interdiction program to stem the flow of military supplies to the FMLN from Cuba and Nicaragua. February 11, 1982. " Washington, D.C., March 23, 2021 - On the eve of the 45th anniversary of the military coup in Argentina, the National Security Archive is today posting declassified documents revealing what the U.S. government knew, and when it knew it, in the weeks preceding the March 24, 1976, overthrow of Isabel Peron's government. [36], Following the overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle by the Sandinista Front, Argentina played a central role in the formation of the Contras. Finally, the term On March 25, 2013, Federal Criminal Oral Court No. Srie B. Amrique 19521963. Through a painstaking search that included deep dives into websites in which plane spotter hobbyists kept track of aircraft, Ceraudo and Lewin were able to locate the planes. Rather, the plane will be another means for Argentines to reckon with the brutal history of their country's 1976-1983 military dictatorship. The Argentine secret service SIDE (Secretara de Inteligencia del Estado) also cooperated with the DINA in Pinochet's Chile and other South American intelligence agencies. "The plane is something dark for us, but having found and identified it, we cannot allow it to continue flying," Mabel Careaga, one of the promoters of the repatriation of the aircraft that belonged to the Naval Prefecture, told AFP. Public opposition due to civil rights abuses and inability to solve the worsening economic crisis in Argentina caused the junta to invade the Falkland Islands in April 1982. In 1977 at a meeting of the Conference of American Armies (CAA) held in the Nicaraguan capital city of Managua, junta members General Roberto Viola and Admiral Emilio Massera secretly pledged unconditional support of Somoza regime in its fight against left-wing subversion and agreed to send advisors and material support to Nicaragua to assist President Somoza's National Guard. [20] All the same, radio and television in Argentina strictly broadcast Junta communiques, but foreign news reporters still had access to international news as of March 1976. The explosion scattered human remains over a wide radius. "IN Search of Hidden Truths -An Interim Report on Declassification by the National Commissioner for Human Rights in Honduras", "Marie-Monique Robin: Escadrons de la mort, l'cole franaise Prsentation", "MM. [43], Argentina played a role in supporting the Salvadoran government during the El Salvador Civil War. A number of revolutionary organizations chief among them Montoneros, a group of far-left Peronists escalated their wave of political violence (including kidnappings and bombings) against the campaign of harsh repressive and retaliatory measures enforced by the military and the police. An entity known as Legislative Advising Commission (in Spanish: Comisin de Asesoramiento Legislativo - CAL), composed entirely of officers from the military and police, assumed a Legislative role. Argentina's junta is widely considered the most deadly of the military dictatorships that ruled much of Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s. This year, after Argentina's government decided to buy the plane after a campaign by De Vincenti and other human rights activists, it was located in a skydiving outfit in Phoenix. First published on June 27, 2023 / 6:34 AM. [16] The paper's front page also declared the militarysreason to replace Peron in order to not create a power vacuum. Human rights groups estimate 30,000 were slain, many of whom disappeared without a trace. [2], The dictatorship counted on the complicity of civil and ecclesiastical sectors, therefore it is usually characterized as a civic-military-ecclesiastical-business dictatorship.[23][24][25][26]. [23], The United States provided military assistance to the junta and, at the start of the Dirty War, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger gave them a "green light" to engage in political repression of real or perceived opponents. Lawyers involved in the case say this is the first time former executives of a multinational corporation operating in Argentina under the military junta have been convicted of crimes against humanity.[60]. ON 30th ANNIVERSARY OF ARGENTINE COUP - George Washington University [6][7][8] This has been established in the sentences of the trials of the perpetrators for crimes against humanity.[9][10][11]. The planes had to be recovered because they were an important piece, like the (Nazi) gas chambers, a terrible tool, Ceraudo said in an interview. Argentina's junta is widely considered the most deadly of the military dictatorships that ruled much of Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s. ", "Argentine Catholicism During the Last Military Dictatorship: Unresolved Tensions and Tragic Outcomes", "The Last Military Dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983): the Mechanism of State Terrorism | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network", Law 25633, Argentine Congress, 22 August 2002, "Terrorists murder US Consular agent in Argentina", Argentina Declassification Project: History, Argentina's Military Coup of 1976: What the US Knew, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976_Argentine_coup_d%27tat&oldid=1161803542, This page was last edited on 25 June 2023, at 05:13. El primero de sus dirigentes fue Jorge Rafael Videla, que estara en el cargo hasta el 1981. Junta Militar (Argentina, 1976) - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre The Short SC.7 Skyvan carried no crucial cargo nor VIP passengers. But at least 71 bodies of suspected death flight victims washed up along the coast - 44 in Argentina and 27 in neighboring Uruguay, according to the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, a non-governmental group. When did the military junta end in Argentina? - Studybuff.com IE 11 is not supported. Another issue with Perons presidency was the ongoing guerrilla warfare. Las juntas militares argentinas - academiaplay Additionally, the Clarin also released the names of the new cabinet members under Jorge Videla, those being Albano Harguindeguy, Ricardo Franke, Julio Gomez, Osvaldo Cacciatore, Jose A. Martinez de Hoz, Ricardo Bruera, Horacio Liendo, and Julio J. Bardi, all high ranking military officers of some kind. American-Argentine relations improved dramatically with Ronald Reagan, which asserted that the previous Carter Administration had weakened U.S. diplomatic relationships with Cold War allies in Argentina, and reversed the previous administration's official condemnation of the junta's human rights practices. As the government finally addressed the AAA, it indicated public dissatisfaction with the current regimes treatment over the AAA. This shift in governance paved the way for the ensuing coup. Through a painstaking search that included deep dives into websites in which plane spotter hobbyists kept track of aircraft, Ceraudo and Lewin were able to locate the planes. The Junta remained in power until the democratic election of Ral Alfonsn as the President of Argentina, in December 1983. Under Peron, several decrees were released, one being a news agency registry, and the requirement that all local as well as foreign news outlets follow all the guidelines, the main one being that domestic and foreign news media are forbidden to carry news about argentina supplied by foreign news agencies through decree 1273. Opposition to the trial was largely limited to critical commentary by politicians, lawyers, and media figures sympathetic to the dictatorship. Throughout his quest, Ceraudo said, countless people failed to understand why he remained steadfastly focused on finding the junta's aircraft, especially since the bodies of many of the dictatorship's victims are still undiscovered. The President of Argentina and his ministers were appointed from military personnel while Peronists and leftists were persecuted. In those, 1,115 people have been convicted, according to the Public Prosecutors Office. General Roberto Marcelo Levingston replaced Ongana, but inflation returned and terrorist acts increased; Levingston was overthrown in March 1971 and replaced by General Alejandro Agustn Lanusse, who promised to reestablish democratic elections by the end of 1973. On 30 October 1983, elections were held, and democracy was formally restored on 10 December with President Ral Alfonsn being sworn into office. After a military junta led by Gen Jorge Videla seized power in Argentina on 24 March 1976, it began a campaign to wipe out left-wing opponents. A military junta was installed to replace her; this was headed by Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera and Brigadier-General [4] Orlando Ramn Agosti. July 2010. [22], The President of the Central Bank, Julio Gonzlez del Solar, undid many of these controls, transferring billions more in private foreign debt to the Central Bank, although he stopped short of reinstating the hated "1050. BUENOS AIRES, Argentina Flying from Florida to Buenos Aires usually takes about 10 hours, but the turboprop landing in Argentina on Saturday was no normal plane. [7] Among the "disappeared" were pregnant women, who were kept alive until giving birth under often primitive circumstances in the secret prisons. They were buried without identification, and their bodies were not identified until 2005. "What an incredible story, right?" During the Process, there were four successive military juntas, each consisting of the heads of the three branches of the Argentine Armed Forces: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Legal moves by Baltasar Garzn and Peter Tatchell. [46] In addition to agreeing to coordinate arms interdiction operations, the Argentine General Directorate of Military Industries (DGFM) supplied El Salvador with light and heavy weapons, ammunition and military spare parts worth U.S.$20million in February 1982. A military junta ( / hnt, dnt /) is a government led by a committee of military leaders. "At the beginning, we saw the military . [14] Only in late May of 1975 did her Social Welfare minister, Lopez Rega announce an investigation of the AAA group, though the group had been active for 550 days without a single arrest. On October 25, President Alfonsn declared a 60-day state of emergency. Central Bank of the Republic of Argentina (BCRA), the directorate's secret session, "Acta no. U.S. hostage envoy on "one of the toughest phone calls" he's ever had, California Ph.D. student found dead in SUV during research trip to Mexico, Maps show where the Canadian wildfires are burning, Madeleine McCann suspect said "she didn't even scream," witness claims, Video shows "narco sub" with 7,000 pounds of cocaine chased off Mexico. In December 2003, his staff published a 12-page document that said no agreement had been signed between France and Argentina about military forces. Junta takes over in Argentina - archive | Argentina | The Guardian This support continued until well after the United States had established itself as the principal supplier of weapons to the Salvadoran security forces. In late-1981, President Reagan authorized the U.S. to support the contras by giving them money, arms, and equipment. [38] There, some Argentine Special force units, such as Batalln de Inteligencia 601, began to train the Nicaraguan Contras, particularly at Lepaterique base alongside some members of the Honduran security forces. This decision is significant in adopting the theory, originating from genocide scholar Daniel Feierstein, that the targeted victims are significant to the national group, as their destruction fundamentally altered the social fabric of the nation.[58]. What an incredible story, right? said De Vincenti. At the top of page 337, one of these reads, "In Argentina, the crazy women at the Plaza de Mayo shall be held up as examples of mental health because they refused to forget in a time of obligatory . Prosecutors say it is impossible to know how many detainees in all were thrown from the planes. Between 1989 and 1990, President Carlos Menem pardoned the men who had been sentenced or court-martialed. En estas circunstancias el da 24 de marzo de 1976 se produjo un golpe de estado con el que se dio inicio al " Proceso de reorganizacin nacional " presidido por las juntas militares argentinas. Trial of the Juntas - Wikipedia Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic - Wikipedia Sal Ubaldini, leader of the General Confederation of Labour, Argentina's largest labor union, was particularly active. The records led us to the pilots, and from those names, we were able to locate them within the repressive structures that operated in the service of the systematic extermination plan, said Mercedes Soiza Reilly, who was prosecutor in the 2012-2017 trial. New research reveals Argentine bishops knew the military junta was As many as 30,000 people disappeared under Argentinas military dictatorship, according to human rights groups, although determining precise figures remains a topic of debate. This year, after Argentinas government decided to buy the plane after a campaign by De Vincenti and other human rights activists, it was located in a skydiving outfit in Phoenix. Despite her claim as the country's rightful ruler, she rapidly lost political gravitas and power.
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