The genetic theory of aging states that lifespan is largely determined by the genes we inherit. Recent studies show that endogenous neural stem cells in the hippocampus of adult brain may involve in memory function (16). Aging is the result of a sequential switching on and off of certain genes, with senescence being defined as the time when age-associated deficits are manifested. Ageing - Wikipedia In some worms as well as some mice, a single gene mutation may lengthen survival by over 50 percent. Modern biological theories of aging in humans fall into two main categories: programmed and damage or error theories. Gene Theory, which considers aging to be the result of a sequential switching on and off of certain genes, with senescence being defined as the time when age-associated deficits are manifested. In other words, a gene may be present but can either be turned on or turned off. I would also educate the patient about the normality of the aging process and point out that it should not be perceived as a failure or malfunction. Iodized Salt a Hundred Years Ago. Theories of Aging | Biology of Aging - Lumen Learning Scientists believe that this damage, and the bodys inability to fix itself, is an important part of aging (NIA, 2011a). Christensen K, Kyvik KO, Holm NV, Skytthe A. Register-based research on twins. Shors TJ, Miesegaes G, Beylin A, Zhao M, Rydel T, Gould E. Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories. These theories provide new experimental approaches to further develop our understanding of the phenomenon of ageing. This paper briefly explains some of the biological theories . Is the evolutionary programmed/ non-programmed aging argument moot? Although direct causal relationships have not been established for all these detrimental outcomes, the immune system has been at least indirectly implicated (4). The damage or error theories emphasize environmental assaults to living organisms that induce cumulative damage at various levels as the cause of aging. If any of these genes are damaged, for example, by a mutation that alters the series of "letters and words" in the instructions, an abnormal protein may be manufactured, which in turn, performs a defective function. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Print. Biotheology is the synthetic application of understanding of biology to the understanding of God, synthesizing modern biology and traditional religious doctrines. At the same time, we know that genetics alone are not the sole cause of aging. The programmed theories imply that aging follows a biological timetable, perhaps a continuation of the one that regulates childhood growth and development. doi:10.1111/acel.12843, Pinti M, Appay V, Campisi J, et al. By Mark Stibich, PhD Aging and internally determined lifespan, like other evolved traits (such as adult height), varies somewhat between individual members of a . Telomeres do not code for any proteins but appear to have a protective function, keeping the ends of DNA from attaching to other pieces of DNA or forming a circle. The first is Programmed Theories that follow a biological timetable, possibly a continuation of childhood development. http://dept.clcillinois.edu/psy/LifespanDevelopment.pdf, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. StudyCorgi. Chronic Kidney Disease: Identification and Control, Personal Health Records in the US Healthcare, National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Womens Therapeutic Lifestyle Modication Study, Miami Epidemiology and Healthy People 2020 Program, HIV/AIDS Patients Prognosis and Affecting Factors, Dorothea Orem and the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, Repetitive ADLs (including bed mobility, sit-to-stand, transfer to various surface and height, etc.) "The Biological Theory of Aging." 2019;S1046-2023(18)30382-7. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.11.002, Longo VD. This timetable would depend on changes in gene expression that affect the systems responsible for maintenance, repair, and defense responses, (p. 72). 2023 Mar 14;12(6):2255. doi: 10.3390/jcm12062255. There are many theories about the mechanisms of age related changes. This theory believes that the effects of aging are caused by damage done to the cells and the body system over time and essentially these damages wear the body out until the body can't function correctly. There is a snowball effect (A takes from B and then B takes from C, etc.) Biological Theories of Aging - 1553 Words | Studymode It is theorized that aging may be related to either the depletion of stem cells or the loss of the ability of stem cells to differentiate or mature into different kinds of cells. Genetics Discoveries and Aging Theories Biological inheritance is crucial to the evolution process. An official website of the United States government. Dietary Restriction and Aging in Rodents: a Current View on its Molecular Mechanisms. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. 8 October. Within a single species, survival is similar, but survival can be very different between two species that are otherwise similar in size. Rollo CD. The biological theory of aging combines two main approaches toward aging in the human body: programmed and damage (error) theories. What is a gene mutation and how do mutations occur? However, our knowledge remains limited at the genetic and molecular levels until 1990 (14). Perhaps the strongest evidence in support of the genetic theory is the considerable species-specific differences in maximal survival, with some species (such as butterflies) having very short lifespans, and others, such as elephants and whales, being similar to ours. Effects of telomerase and telomere length on epidermal stem cell behavior. The body does possess some natural antioxidants in the form of enzymes, which help to curb the dangerous build-up of these free radicals, without which cellular death rates would be greatly increased, and subsequent life expectancies would decrease. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 3.1 Biological Theories of Aging - Pearson plc For example, cystic fibrosis is a condition in which a child inherits two mutated genes controlling a protein that regulates channels responsible for the movement of chloride across cells in the sweat glands, digestive glands, and more. 2019;18(1):e12843. ), 50 min of exercise in water if possible (per week) (Chou et al., 2012), Low resistance training (90 min., two days), Fast walking (30 minutes, three days per week), Jogging or running (10-15 min., two or three days per week), Connect the dots (a simple task with one type of units and a complicated task with several types of units) (every two days) (Nishiguchi et al., 2015), Text recalling (read aloud a small text and try to recall it immediately or with a delay), Map study (examine a map attentively and then try to draw it with as many details as possible), Painting (if possible, one can learn to draw simple pictures and portraits every week), Crosswords (can be used three days per week as an entertaining task based on memory activities), * Hyperlink the URL after pasting it to your document. Genes associated with aging, such as Alzheimer Disease, do not appear until after the individual has passed their main reproductive years. Certain cells, such as egg and sperm cells, use telomerase to restore telomeres to the end of their chromosome, insuring that cells can continue to reproduce and promote the survival of the species. The site is secure. Free Radicals: When the mitochondria uses oxygen to produce energy, they also produce potentially harmful byproducts called oxygen free radicals (NIA, 2011a). October 8, 2020. https://studycorgi.com/the-biological-theory-of-aging/. Programmed theories are based on the assumption that the aging process is regulated by gene expression and changes that happen in those. Factors that can damage DNA include ultraviolet radiation, cigarette smoking, and exposure to hydrocarbons, such as auto exhaust and coal (Dollemore, 2006). FOIA The reason why the shingles vaccine works well with older adults is because they already have some existing memory cells against the varicella virus. Aging is a result of programmed senescence (Bengtson, Gans, Putney, & Silverstein, 2009). Wear and tear theory, where vital parts in our cells and tissues wear out resulting in ageing. In the early 1900s, a series of flawed experiments by researcher Alexis Carrel demonstrated that in an optimal environment, cells of higher organisms (chickens) were able to divide continually, leading people to believe our cells to potentially possess immortal properties. In the 1960s Leonard Hayflick disproved this theory by identifying a maximal number of divisions a human cell could undergo in culture (known as the Hayflick limit), which set our maximal life spanat around 115 years. Cancer cells have figured out a way to not remove, and sometimes even add to, a section of the telomere. Free radicals theory, which proposes that superoxide and other free radicals cause damage to the macromolecular components of the cell, giving rise to accumulated damage causing cells, and eventually organs, to stop functioning. Chapter 3 - Theories of Aging Flashcards | Quizlet Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(7), 1355-1363. This theory has been bolstered by experiments in which rodents fed antioxidants achieved greater mean longevity. Front Neurosci. Many theories, which fall into two main categories: programmed and error theories, have been proposed to explain the process of aging, but neither of them appears to be fully satisfactory. Theories of Aging | Lifespan Development - Lumen Learning 2023 May 12;24(10):8647. doi: 10.3390/ijms24108647. Consequently, natural selection has not eliminated these damaging disorders from the gene pool. Theories of Aging - CliffsNotes 2018;10(12). In order to provide health teaching related to age processes, I would address such topics as stress, malnutrition, genetic research, socioeconomic factors, environmental factors, vitamins and other parts of healthy nutrition, mental illnesses, socialization, etc. Evolutionary Theory: Evolutionary psychology emphasizes the importance of natural selection; that is, those genes that allow one to survive and reproduce will be more likely to be transmitted to offspring. Since 1800, life expectancy at birth has gradually increased over the subsequent two centuries, from forty years to nearly eighty years (Bongaarts 2006). It's also important to note that the theories discussed here are not mutually exclusive. 2014;509(7501):439-46. doi:10.1038/nature13193, Schultz MB, Sinclair DA. Some genes are beneficial and enhance longevity. Before This is in contrast to brain tissue which usually lacks this regenerative potential. The aging: introduction, theories, principles, and future prospective These telomeres become shorter and shorter and eventually, the cells cannot divide without losing important pieces of DNA.. Trindade LS, Aigaki T, Peixoto AA, Balduino A, Mnica da Cruz IB, Heddle JG. Our genes are contained in our DNA which is present in the nucleus (inner area) of each cell in our bodies. 2016;16 Suppl 1:30-42. doi:10.1111/ggi.12772, Park DC, Yeo SG. Bjorksten J. DNA Damage: Over time DNA, which contains the genetic code for all organisms, accumulates damage. Modern biological theories of aging in humans currently fall into two main categories: programmed and damage or error theories. With each replication, the telomere gets shorter. Epigenetics refers to the expression of genes. Taupin P. Aging and Neurogenesis, a Lesion from Alzheimers Disease. Figure 9.10 Telomeres and Cellular SenescenceAdapted from National Institute on Aging. Further evidence on a broad scale has been found by looking at the effect of genetic mutations in other animals. According to telomere theory, telomeres have experimentally been shown to shorten with each successive cell division (20). Theories of Aging Overview & Factors - Study.com
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