which country serves as an example of convergence?which country serves as an example of convergence?

Ask an expert Back to top Corresponding textbook Introduction to Sociology | 2nd Edition Arun S. Hendi, Population Studies Center, 239 McNeil Building, 3718 Locust Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, ude.nnepu.sas@saidneh. Singapore is used as a model for convergence. WebWhich country serves as an example of convergence? These arguments imply that globalization, far from generating convergence, generates resistance and underpins the resilience of national paths to development, leading to the alternative prediction that: Hypothesis 1b: Since the mid-20th century, globalizing forces have encouraged divergence across countries due to diversification, differentiation, and specialization dynamics. Divergent Production Regimes: Coordinated and Uncoordinated Market Economies in the 1980s and 1990s. a. Singapore b. The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review. Thus, the tendency of capitalist development was to create exploitative relationships between developed and underdeveloped countries (Cardoso and Faletto 1973; Evans 1979). The instant availability of news and moment-based content is one of the top advantages of media convergence between traditional media and new media. Delhi 110024, Leverage Edu 3rd floor, If we are using all of these variables to determine the worlds volume, we would ideally like to measure the volume on a de-correlated scale. Regionalism in the Nineties: What Effect on Trade? Sociology chapter 18 In his 2005 book Everything Bad Is Good for You, Steven Johnson argues that todays television and video games are mentally stimulating, in that they pose a cognitive challenge and invite active engagement and problem solving. North Korea c. England d. Canada For example, Rupert Murdochs News Corporation is involved in book publishing (HarperCollins), newspapers (. Which country serves as an example of convergence? Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Define convergence as it relates to mass media and provide some examples of convergence youve observed in your life. Convergence Theory Describe the five types of convergence identified by Henry Jenkins and provide an example of each type that youve noted in your own experience. Ch. 18, Work & the Economy We calculated the Mahalanobis distance (see Berry, Guilln, and Zhou, 2010) between each pair of centroids for each year in our data. The rank correlation tests (Kendalls tau trend tests as reported in Table 3), which test for an association between the volumes and the years in which they were measured, show little to no evidence of convergence within the core, semi-periphery, and periphery subcomponents. We focus on dimensions that both theorist and critics of modernization suggest are central to the evolution of societies. For instance, news organizations no longer simply rely on print or AV transmission. As dependency theorists noted, foreign capital gives the local bourgeoisie, and more particularly the local state, power that it did not have before, thus contributing to a transformation of domestic politics (Evan 1979:81; see also Haggard 1990:191222). There are now several ways to exhibit your work, voice your opinions on issues and spread knowledge and information globally. Another appealing property is that it is not affected by affine transformations of the raw data, which means that the measure is scale-invariant and robust to linear combinations of the k component variables.3 This is particularly useful for our purposes since the k variables are in general measured in different units and are correlated. For example, Media journalism. Convergence Which country serves as an example of convergence 17 Singapore Which is an from SOCI 200 at DISD. Defence Colony, New Delhi, Also, the variables are measured on different scales (enrollments per 10,000 population, patents per million population, and articles per million population) and thus may not be directly comparable. Thus option (A) is correct. Trend Test for Between Trade Bloc Dyadic Distances, 19602009. Several Apple iPhone apps allow users to apply effects to photos to make them look more like a Polaroid photo. Convergence theory is a theory that explores the concept that as nations transition into highly industrialized nations they will develop similar cultural traits. Such a cultural sea change causes a significant generation gap between those who grew up with new media and those who didnt. Guilln MF, Surez SL. All rights reserved. Melvin Kohn and his fellow researchers (1990) determined that workers were most likely to be happy when they believed they controlled some part of their work, when they felt they were part of the decision-making processes associated with their work, when they have freedom from surveillance, and when they felt integral to the outcome of their work. Typically the market goes through phases of surplus, or excess, inflation, where the money in your pocket today buys less than it did yesterday, and recession, which occurs when there are two or more consecutive quarters of economic decline. Markets produce goods as they are supposed to, but eventually the market is saturated and the supply of goods exceeds the demands. Someone taking a functional perspective will most likely view work and the economy as a well-oiled machine that is designed for maximum efficiency. 2001; Milanovic 2009). Sociology 1502 - Chapter 18 Doremus PN, Keller WW, Pauly LW, Reich S. Dorius SF. WebWhich country serves as an example of convergence? 4One important point about the MVE method is that it assumes an ellipsoidal form. World mortality 19502000: divergence replaces convergence from the late 1980s. This describes the theory that societies move toward similarity over Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. United Kingdom, EC1M 7AD, Leverage Edu (Map courtesy of the European Union). Within the semi-periphery and periphery we also find evidence of divergence (Table 3). Our findingsusing a different methodology and data on a much wider range of relevant dimensionsshould be taken as an incentive to undertake further research in this area. Conflict theorists believe wealth is concentrated in the hands of those who do not deserve it. We found consistent evidence of divergence within the EU along all five dimensions, and divergence within the Eurozone along the demographic, knowledge, and financial dimensions, although we did find convergence from an economic point of view. Paul Keller nigerian VCDs at kwakoe CC BY 2.0. Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism. We conducted several robustness checks, finding that the MVE volume measure is positively correlated with both the mean-based and median-based volume measures.6 Since the median-based volume measure is less sensitive to outliers, the positive correlation implies that inference based on the MVE measure is not heavily influenced by outlying countries. It is when new technologies are created and take over from past technologies and perform the same task in a more efficient manner. For the economic dimension we include measures of inflation-adjusted national income, and exports and imports as a percentage of GDP. Stories flowing across several kinds of media platforms is one componentfor example, novels that become television series (. The MVE volume is not susceptible to this problem. Australia, Grab this one-time opportunity to download this ebook, Meet 75+ universities in Mumbai on 30th April, Media is a vehicle or means of communication that disseminates information from the source to the target public., What is communication? Mansfield Edward D, Milner Helen V. The New Wave of Regionalism. Lastly, we analyze the political dimension given the emphasis by modernization theorists on changes tending towards representative forms of government (Apter 1965; Kerr et al. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. Expert Help. Beyond Keynesianism: The Socio-Economics of Production and Full Employment. You cant control their narratives in any fashionyou simply sit back and have the story dictated to you. Policy as Myth and Ceremony: The Global Spread of Stock Exchanges, 19802005. WebWhich country serves as an example of convergence? Regionalism Versus Multilateral Trade Arrangements. Ben lost his job when General Motors closed U.S. factories and opened factories in Mexico. Our methodology allows us to analyze convergence across a number of dimensions and over time, both for the world as a whole and for distinct clusters of countries. Over the last half century, nation-states in the global system have not evolved significantly closer (or more similar) to one another along a number of dimensions. Convergence theory is closely related to modernization theory in the 1950s and 60s. These results show significant evidence of divergence between the core and semi-periphery subcomponents for the economic, demographic, and knowledge distance dimensions, with convergence along the political dimension. I Diverge, Technology Review, June 2001, 93. List of examples of convergent evolution The newly converged media platforms provide online access to the archives, and endless opportunities for users to comment on the story or provide links to relevant material. Sociology Ch. 18 & 19 Which country serves as an example of convergence Dependency, world-system, and political-economic trade-bloc theories emphasize the emergence of a multi-layered world as a result of economic and sociopolitical development, one in which countries within each subcomponentdeveloped/developing, core/semi-periphery/periphery, or trade blocsbecome more similar to one another while each subcomponent becomes more distinct than the others. The sharp ups and downs since the mid-2000s are mostly due to the extreme economic and financial conditions prevalent before, during, and after the global crisis. In sum, across all the trade bloc results reported in Table 4 we find limited support for hypothesis 2 that volumes within subcomponents of the global system are decreasing over time. North Korea c. England d. Canada Thus, the results from our core/semi-periphery/periphery subcomponents analysis support divergence. A 2010 study by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that Americans aged 8 to 18 spend more than 7.5 hours with electronic devices each dayand, thanks to multitasking, theyre able to pack an average of 11 hours of media content into that 7.5 hours (Lewin, 2010). Convergence However, its still difficult to predict how media convergence and immersion are affecting culture, society, and individual brains. Instead, they are sending text messages to friends, linking news articles on Facebook, commenting on YouTube videos, writing reviews of television episodes to post online, and generally engaging with the culture they consume. WebWhich country serves as an example of convergence? An extreme, and currently nonexistent, example of technological convergence would be the so-called black box, which would combine all the functions of previously distinct technology and would be the device through which wed receive all our news, information, entertainment, and social interaction. Which country serves as an example of convergence WebWhich country serves as an example of convergence? 2001). [3] Another example is the South Pacific convergence zone that extends from the 2007). Chapter 18 Or a librarys card catalog? Sociology chapter 18 Block A, Defence Colony, New Delhi, There are several theoretical mechanisms that can potentially account for these effects, including incomplete globalization, institutional path dependency, and specialization-driven differentiation. Once I was a scuba diver in a sea of words, Carr reflects ruefully. In a well-known study using a panel of 100 countries for four decades between 1960 and 1989, economist Robert Barro (1997) found that the speed of economic convergence across countries in income per capita is about 2.5 percent per year (see also Bond et al. 1960). The volume of the ellipsoid can be thought of as the size of the world. Convergence In this view, global capitalist forces generate oppression and duality between the core, on the one hand, and the undeveloped periphery and developing semi-periphery, on the other. To experience this rapid growth, the economies of developing countries must to be able to attract inexpensive capital to invest in new businesses and to improve traditionally low productivity. 1997) as well as modernization theory itself (Apter 1965; Rostow 1960). Our results resonate with the fundamental problem in the building of a united Europe, namely, its increasing fragmentation along the North-South and East-West dimensions. Significance implies that the volume of a subcomponent is changing over time. Which country serves as an example of convergence? Singapore Second Shift Overview & Roles | What is Second Shift in Sociology? For example, Zelner et al. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. These statistics highlight some of the aspects of the new digital model of media consumption: participation and multitasking. Technological convergence is the combination of computing, communication, and content around networked digital media platforms. in particular: coordinated movement of the two eyes to generate the image of a single point on comparable retinal regions Accounting for the Recent Decline in Global Income Inequality. The most relevant example of media convergence is a Smartphone that blends together various media, i.e. The volume of this ellipsoid is the minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) measure. Media convergence has led to the promotion of diversity and inclusion in our world as we get to know about various cultures, their traditions and values and further learn to imbibe a respect for every culture. Our choice of specific indicator variables for each of the five dimensions was driven by theoretical considerations, subject to data availability (see Table 1). 8. Rent-Seeking Behavior Concept & Examples | What is Rent Seeking? Carr worries that the vast array of interlinked information available through the Internet is eroding attention spans and making contemporary minds distracted and less capable of deep, thoughtful engagement with complex ideas and arguments. The political volumes appear to exhibit more frequent and sharper cycles over time than the other distance dimensions, but they also reveal increasing trends. A Reconsideration of Import Substitution. Now, Ben is very antiimmigration and campaigns for large-scale deportation of Mexican nationals, even though, logically, their presence does not harm him and their absence will not restore his In Economic convergence large companies use old and new media to their advantage by selling merchandise or the rights of the product. WebWhich country serves as an example of convergence? Which country serves as an example of convergence? Please verify. [] The outcome is not necessarily, or even usually, a generalized set of changes acting in a uniform direction, but consists in mutually opposed tendencies (see also Held et al 1999:431, 441). Jenkinss concept of organic convergence is perhaps the most telling. Next, we examined whether countries which are members of common markets have converged over time, an arrangement that connotes greater integration than customs unions. Convergence Theory Van Rossem R. The World-System Paradigm as General Theory of Development: A Cross-National Test. Otherwise, the distance between countries would be artificially inflated (or deflated) and this would in turn artificially inflate (deflate) the volume. Soloaga and Winters (2001) showed that the EU, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and the NAFTA led to a decline in levels of trade with third countries. Conceptually, researchers have either focused on the characteristics of the nodes (countries) or on the relationships between nodes and the resulting network structure. The process of convergent movement, particularly toward union or homogeneity. National Library of Medicine Continuing the trade bloc example, one MVE would contain all countries that make up one trade bloc, and the other MVE would contain all countries that make up another trade bloc. 7For all subcomponents, we calculate the Kendalls tau trend tests restricting the years to 19852009. The most popular examples of Media Convergence are: Smartphones (converging camera, music, the internet, books, and all other media together) Chapter 10: Electronic Games and Entertainment, Chapter 11: The Internet and Social Media, Chapter 12: Advertising and Public Relations, http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/7764-this-is-not-a-mixtape/2/, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/education/20wired.html, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/20/opinion/20sun4.html1, http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring01/white.html, Next: 1.5 The Role of Social Values in Communication, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. These results show statistically significant evidence of convergence for the economic volumes for the original member countries of the Eurozone. Using a new methodology, we calculate the minimum volume ellipsoid encompassing different groupings of countries, finding that during the 19602009 period, countries have not evolved significantly closer or similar to one another, although groups of countries based on their core-periphery status or membership in trade blocs exhibit increasing internal convergence and divergence between one another. This is why the economies of some countries are diverging rather than converging (Abramovitz 1986). The functionalist perspective would assume that the continued health of the economy is vital to the health of the nation, as it ensures the distribution of goods and services. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Nigerias cinema industry, nicknamed Nollywood, takes its cues from Indias Bollywood, which is in turn inspired by Hollywood in the United States. In the 1970s and 80s world-system theorists also cast doubt on the modernization thesis. If we were to premultiply each v Vt by the same fixed, nonsingular matrix and add a k-vector to each product, the resultant volumes would not be affected except perhaps by a constant multiple. a. Singapore b. An OTP has been sent to your registered mobile no. Note: Test statistics are Kendalls tau estimates of rank correlation between dyadic distances and time. North Korea c. England d. Canada Zelner B, Henisz W, Holburn G. Contentious implementation and retrenchment in neoliberal policy reform. A-258, Bhishma Pitamah Marg, Block A, Social scientists have had a hard time producing evidence of convergence in the wake of globalization, with most of them finding fragmentation, heterogeneity, and variegated patterns of change over time. The Limits of Convergence: Globalization and Organizational Change in Argentina, South Korea, and Spain. The y-axis represents the volume index, scaled to equal 1 in 2006. Heres how media convergence has led to universalization of popular culture: Media Convergence is known broadly as the coming together of computing, telecommunication, and media in a digital environment. All of these habits, formerly common parts of daily life, have been rendered essentially obsolete through the progression of convergence. Lastly, we analyzed the volumes generated by the three member countries of NAFTA. In studying the economies of developing countries to see if they go through the same stages as previously developed nations did, sociologists have observed a pattern they call convergence. Now if you are interested in making your career in Media and got a media-related degree, you can make your career in the following fields: Find out which one is a better course through our blog Journalism vs Mass Communication! Consider the following example. Mauro F. Guillen, The Wharton School, 212 Lauder-Fischer Hall, 256 South 37th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, ude.nnepu.notrahw@nelliug. First, dependency and world-system theorists argue that exploitative relationships between developed and developing countries can cause peripheral countries to become more impoverished as they engage in international trade (Prebisch 1950; Frank 1967; Furtado 1970; Bruton 1998; Wallerstein 1974). The tests of rank correlation (see Table 4) between the volumes and the years in which they were measured only show convergence for the demographic volumes in CARICOM. These strategies each indicate that our MVE measure is not adversely affected by potential outlier countries. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you which country serves as an example of convergence a North Korea c. England d. Canada The correct answer is: Singapore Media Convergence means the interconnection of communication technologies, computer networks, media content and information. The column and row names indicate the trade blocs between which dyadic distances are calculated. Significance implies that the volume of the world is changing over time. Drawing on theories of modernization, dependency, the world-system, political trade blocs, and the world-society, we consider economic, demographic, knowledge, financial, and political dimensions of convergence. Carr, Nicholas The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (New York: Norton, 2010). Those working in the symbolic interaction perspective take a microanalytical view of society. Sociology 1502 - Chapter 18 Some blocs entail deeper agreements over matters such as labor mobility, taxes, regulation, antitrust policies, and even monetary affairs. According to these theories, convergence is expected within components while divergence obtains across subcomponents. But convergence isnt just limited to technology. Singapore. Singapore. We examine patterns of global convergence using annual data from 1960 to 2009, and a novel multidimensional geometric approach in which we analyze changes over time in the amount of space between nation-states or countries. Some theorists believe that convergence and new-media technologies make people smarter by requiring them to make decisions and interact with the media theyre consuming; others fear the digital age is giving us access to more information but leaving us shallower. CONVERGENCE The first modern trade bloc was the German Zollverein of 1834, which created a customs union among the various German-speaking principalities. The need for certain highly skilled positions combined with the relative difficulty of the occupation and the length of time it takes to qualify will result in a higher reward for that job and will provide a financial motivation to engage in more education and a more difficult profession (Davis and Moore 1945). Each stage was seen as a prerequisite for the next because new political, economic, and social institutions were supposed to make possible ever more economically advanced and differentiated activities over time. The median-based measure is robust to outlying observations. Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Economics Rather, our MVE measure is designed as a metric to test theories of global convergence at the nation-state level. the point where the three rivers converge. Formally, the MVE in year t is the k-dimensional ellipsoid {vk:(vCt^)TA^t1(vct^)=k}, where t is a k k positive semi-definite matrix and t is a k 1 vector that jointly solve. Developing Difference: Social Organization and the Rise of the Auto Industries of South Korea, Taiwan, Spain, and Argentina. All five test statistics are positive and statistically significant, indicating a significant increase in volumes, or divergence. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. With media convergence, the audience has also become the creator themselves. Which country serves as an example of convergence The stock of knowledge and technology is considered to be the most strategic test of modernization (Apter 1965:72). The Cultural Approach to Organizational Communication, Global Human Resource Management | Work & Challenges of Global HR, Mechanisms for Adjusting Balance of Payments. These volumes are qualitatively very similar to those in Figure 3, and a Kendalls tau trend test for these volumes once again indicates a lack of convergence for all distance dimensions. We have compiled some of the basic fundamentals of Technological convergence below: Just like the general definition of Economic convergence which suggests that countries with lower GDPs are going to grow faster than countries with higher GDP, the Economic media convergence allows a single company to target larger interest groups through various kinds of media. Developing countries, such as the People's Republic of China and India, are great examples of recent convergence theory in practice. Australia, Leverage Edu Tower,