chondrichthyes number of species

There and back again : a review of residency and return migrations in sharks, with implications for population structure and management. Identifying Shark Fins: Implementing Enforcing CITES. Rojas, J. R., Campos, J., Segura, A., Moiss, M., Campos, R., and Rodrguez, O. No, Is the Subject Area "Sharks" applicable to this article? (2008). 275, 8389. Nat. J. 5, 116. Implementation is also an issue with international treaties ratified by Costa Rica, such as CITES and CMS (Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Sharks), which promote the protection and conservation of threatened elasmobranch species (Davidson et al., 2016). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. sp., a new lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from the central eastern Pacific Ocean. Syst. Environ. Manage. Lett. Fisheries management has traditionally focused on understanding the population dynamics of target species rather managing fishing impacts on entire ecosystems (Gilman et al., 2008), which requires a deeper knowledge of their trophic ecology. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1458, Chapman, D. D., Feldheim, K. A., Papastamatiou, Y. P., and Hueter, R. E. (2015). (2012) sequenced DNA from more than 4000 shark and ray specimens, representing 574 species. Rep. 5:16293. doi: 10.1038/srep16293, Queiroz, N., Humphries, N. E., Mucientes, G., Hammerschlag, N., Lima, F. P., Scales, K. L., et al. Sci. A. Available online at: http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/sftep/en/pages. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Challenges in the assessment and management of small-scale fisheries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Using fuzzy logic to determine the vulnerability of marine species to climate change. Fish. In turn, Chondrichthyes is divided into the two subclasses of . Scientific Advisory Committee. This highlights the need to generate information on Data Deficient species that may help assess their population status. Systema Naturae, Ed. Although shark and ray bycatch is not recorded, catch reconstructions estimate that a total of 7.7 tons of bycatch were caught per ton of shrimp between 1950 and 2010, 85% of which was discarded (Trujillo et al., 2015). Bull. Berlin: Springer and Business Media B.V. Wehrtmann, I. S., Arana, P. M., Barriga, E., Gracia, A., and Pezzuto, P. R. (2012). There are 99 chondrichthyan species formally recorded in the literature and/or with voucher specimens collected within Costa Rican waters (see Table 1 and Appendix I in Supplementary Material). Lpez-Garro, A., and Zanella, I. Only three studies focused on chimeras. The higher proportion of threatened species in pelagic fisheries may result from differences in gear selectivity and the decline of top predators from coastal waters. Of the ~1,178 chondrichthyan species known today, 25% are threatened with extinction globally 2, making Chondrichthyes one of the most endangered vertebrate species groups. To examine spatial and temporal trends in chondrichthyan studies, we analyzed the location of the study (Pacific and Caribbean coast; Cocos Island) and the frequency of publications per year (year/topic). CHONDRICHTHYES - Fishes of Australia Although there are an estimated 1250 shark, ray and chimaera species worldwide, this number may seriously underestimate the actual number of species. In SSF, there are not enough inspectors to record landings at all the small landing sites scattered across the entire coastline (Salas et al., 2007). Rev. Genetic profiling reveals illegal international trade in fins of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias. GFCM/33/2009/2 (Establishment of Geographical Sub-Areas in the GFCM area, http://www.fao.org/gfcm/data/map-geographical-subareas/en/, https://www.iccat.int/Documents/Meetings/Docs/2016_SHK_REPORT_ENG.pdf. (2012). The group of chondrichthyans with the greatest species diversity is the Batoidea (approximately 494 species), followed by the sharks, with around 500 species [4, 5]. (2011). Identified drivers of overfishing include corruption and conflicts of interest within the fisheries management agency, weak management frameworks, fleet overcapacity, lack of enforcement, and illegal fishing activities (CGR, 2007; Arias and Pressey, 2016). 80, 17891843. Of these 41 species, 25 are sharks and 16 are Batoidea. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click 157, 96105. PLoS ONE 11:e0165252. Table 1. Chondrichthyes ( / kndrki.iz /; from Ancient Greek (khndros) 'cartilage', and (ikhths) 'fish') is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. 'Genome skimming' with the MinION hand-held sequencer - Nature Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. doi: 10.1017/S0376892909990191, Simpfendorfer, C. A., Kyne, P. M., Noble, T. H., Goldsbury, J., Basiita, R. K., Lindsay, R., et al. Illegal fishing on the Galpagos high seas. Galvn-Tirado, C., Daz-Jaimes, P., Garca-de Len, F. J., Galvn-Magaa, F., and Uribe-Alcocer, M. (2013). Version 2017-2. 1, 118. 72, 741752. Yes Stable isotopes of carbon (13C) and (15N) provide useful long-term integrated dietary information on the movements, habitat use and trophic relationships of elasmobranch species (Hussey et al., 2011, 2012). Nat. Therefore, in this study, these citations have been considered as records of vagrant species. Moreover, the emergence of novel techniques such as eDNA allow researchers to monitor cryptic and/or threatened elasmobranch species based on traces of their DNA found in the environment (Simpfendorfer et al., 2016; Thomsen et al., 2016; Bakker et al., 2017). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Clim. Policy 32, 118. Fish Biol. Ecol. Nielsen Muoz, V., and Quesada Alpzar, M. A. Moreover, the number of threatened species caught by coastal fisheries may be higher than current assessments indicate due to the large proportion of batoids and carcharhinids categorized as Data Deficient (Figure 4). The effect of biogeographic and phylogeographic barriers on gene flow in the brown smoothhound shark, Mustelus henlei, in the northeastern Pacific. A., and Heithaus, M. R. (2010). This framework could strengthen the conservation of chondrichthyan populations in Costa Rica and the region. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.9, Cooke, S. J., Iverson, S. J., Stokesbury, M. J. W., Hinch, S. G., Fisk, A. T., VanderZwaag, D. L., et al. (2016). Four Chondrichthyes are considered Lessepsian species [1516]: Carcharhinus altimus, Carcharhinus melanopterus, Himantura uarnak and Torpedo sinuspersici, although the status of Carcharhinus altimus as Lessepsian species has been questioned [17]. Regression analyses with the species richness as a target variable were adjusted with a set of environmental and geographical variables, being the model that links richness of Chondrichthyes species with distance to the Strait of Gibraltar and number of taxonomic families of bony fishes the one that best explains it. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021459. Biol. Distinguished by presence of 6 gill slits; teeth of lower jaw strikingly unlike those of upper, the 5 or 6 on either side of the central tooth being about twice as broad as high, their inner edges saw-toothed with 5-8 pointed cusps. (2014). The Caribbean coast and the deep-sea, for example, are critical regions where landing statistics and basic biological/ecological information of sharks, rays, and chimeras are lacking (Corts et al., 2012). Conserv. 39, 119. nov., a new species of deepwater skate and the first record of the genus Notoraja Ishiyama, 1958 (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011968. Zootaxa 4098, 179190. A class of vertebrates comprising the cartilaginous, jawed fishes. Pearson correlation coefficient is shown (significance in brackets). Chondrichthyes - Taxonomy, Characteristics, Growth and Distributions (2007). Chabot, C. L., Espinoza, M., Mascareas-Osorio, I., and Rocha-Olivares, A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1510090113, Robards, M., Silber, G., Adams, J., Arroyo, J., Lorenzini, D., Schwehr, K., et al. Rev. (2000), and Whoriskey et al. J. Top predators as conservation tools: ecological rationale, assumptions, and efficacy. Explaining the spatial trends of species distribution is of major importance in any biogeographic study, as they affect a set of species in a similar way. For instance, a recent ecological risk assessment conducted by the IATTC revealed that 13 of the 18 highly vulnerable species were sharks (Griffiths et al., 2017). Moreover, since the early 2000s, declines in shark meat landings drove an increase in shark meat imports from Belize, Taiwan, and Panama (Dent and Clarke, 2015). Ocean-wide tracking of pelagic sharks reveals extent of overlap with longline fishing hotspots. Siu, S., and Aires-Da-Silva, A. J. (2008). For each study, we also determined the conservation status of target species based on the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN, 2017). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The normality of variables was previously tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test [28]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175699.s001. Zanella, I., and Lpez-Garro, A. These results highlight the need to redirect research efforts on specific taxonomic groups and geographic regions (i.e., Caribbean). doi: 10.5343/bms.2015.1034. 52, 183188. Sci. (2007). Mercury levels in muscle tissue of four common elasmobranch species from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America. The role of sharks and longline fisheries in a pelagic ecosystem of the Central Pacific. Large revenues generated from pelagic fisheries could be used to offset costs of deploying these SSF processes and allow the creation of artisanal coastal fisheries management plans. Dent, F., and Clarke, S. (2015). Recent studies have found that Elasmobranchii show a longitudinal gradient in the Mediterranean Sea [13]. However, a number of non-target and vulnerable species can become entangled around the head or mouth as they try to escape. & Lea, R.N. Biol. Sustain. Science 357:1362. doi: 10.1126/science.aap7832, Simpfendorfer, C. A., and Kyne, P. M. (2009). Mar. Fishing is perhaps the most significant and widespread threat affecting chondrichthyans in Costa Rica (Whoriskey et al., 2011; Dapp et al., 2013; Davidson et al., 2016), as the unique life-history traits of some species, poor landing statistics and limited enforcement make them particularly vulnerable to overexploitation (Frisk et al., 2005; Arias et al., 2014; Trujillo et al., 2015). At least six threatened shark species (S. lewini, S. zygaena, S. mokarran, C. longimanus, C. falciformis, and Alopias pelagicus) currently exported from Costa Rica to Hong Kong are regulated by Appendix II of the CITES (Davidson et al., 2016). This issue has been solved by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM, FAO) by adapting Res. Chondrichthyes - Wikipedia (2017); popular, technical, and/or vernacular names in English (En) and Spanish (Sp), following Robertson and Allen (2015), Robertson and Van Tassell (2015), and Froese and Pauly (2017); current known geographical distribution, depth range and habitat use following Robertson and Allen (2015), Robertson and Van Tassell (2015), Weigmann (2016), and Froese and Pauly (2017); conservation status, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria (IUCN, 2017); and relevant literature [relatively recent references arbitrarily considered by us to have taxonomic and/or distributional value by providing short diagnosis, identification keys, illustrations, and/or distribution (geographical and depth) information, not mere usage of the specific names]. Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China Given the wide-ranging nature of pelagic sharks within the ETP, targeted species and/or populations may benefit from a regional approach to data collection, analysis, and management. Although the road ahead may seem overwhelming, a useful starting point might be to identify vulnerable species through data-poor ecological risk assessments and implement precautionary management measures. This review also identified important management challenges and research needs that should be addressed to improve the conservation of Chondrichthyans in Costa Rican waters. Biol. On Malthusian overfishing. However, latitude is related to longitude, as the easternmost OGUs are also the southernmost ones and, consequently, the most outlying areas to the Strait of Gibraltar. Copyright: 2017 Melndez et al. 1 ). chondrichthyan, (class Chondrichthyes), also called chondrichthian, any member of the diverse group of cartilaginous fishes that includes the sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras. doi: 10.15517/rbt.v54i3.13683. 3, 254261. 5:85. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00085. doi: 10.1890/EHS14-0024.1, Sergio, F., Caro, T., Brown, D., Clucas, B., Hunter, J., Ketchum, J., et al. Inter-island movements of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) and seasonal connectivity in a marine protected area of the eastern tropical Pacific. 2017; Carrillo-Briceo et al. doi: 10.1139/f01-051. doi: 10.7550/rmb.46192. On the classification of the families and genera of the Squali of California. 161, 939951. The use of DNA barcoding has also proven to be a valuable approach to identify common elasmobranch species associated with the domestic (O'Bryhim et al., 2017) and international (Shivji et al., 2005) Costa Rican trade. Yes doi: 10.1890/14-2293.1, Espinoza, M., Munroe, S. E. M., Clarke, T. M., Fisk, A. T., and Wehrtmann, I. S. (2015b). Rev. Res. de Buen, F. (1959). The establishment of large networks of acoustic receivers have also allowed researchers to track the movements of coastal and pelagic species over broad spatial scales (101000 km) (Cooke et al., 2011; Hussey et al., 2015; Espinoza et al., 2016). Rays are the most threatened of the three chondrichthyan fish groups: These findings highlight the importance of estuarine and reef habitats to chondrichthyans, either as nursery, reproductive, and/or feeding grounds. (2015a). Cardeosa, D., Hyde, J., and Caballero, S. (2014). Although the existing statistical and biological information is not sufficient to adequately assess the status of many of the chondrichthyan stocks within the ETP, scientific, and traditional ecological knowledge indicate that shark landings in this region are decreasing while fishing effort is increasing (Whoriskey et al., 2011; Kyne et al., 2012; Dapp et al., 2013; Dent and Clarke, 2015). Main fishing landing ports in the Pacific coast include: PC, Playas del Coco; PU, Puntarenas; QU, Quepos; GO, Golfito. It is important to note that some species (such as those . Elasmobranchs observed in deepwaters (45-330m) at Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Berlin: Veit und Comp. Elife 3:e00590. Am. A preliminary ecological risk assessment of the large-scale tune longline fishery in the Eastern Pacific Ocean using productivity-susceptibility analysis, in Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. Similarly, the abundance of S. lewini at Isla del Coco declined by ~45% between 1993 and 2013 (White et al., 2015). Species diversity, taxonomy and distribution of Chondrichthyes in the ICES J. Mar. Chondrichthyes - UCL Diet composition and diel feeding behaviour of the banded guitarfish Zapteryx xyster along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America. Washington, DC: Island Press. (2017). This could be attributed to the biological importance of Isla del Coco as a marine biodiversity hotspot, a World Heritage site and a center of endemism in the ETP (Wehrtmann and Corts, 2009), as well as to the ecological and economic importance of the Golfo de Nicoya in terms of fisheries and food security (Nielsen Muoz and Quesada Alpzar, 2006; Wehrtmann and Corts, 2009). Cartilage is the flexible substance found that gives human noses and ears their shape! doi: 10.1111/cobi.12478, White, T. D., Carlisle, A. They were referred to the mean between the years 20052010 for the available data. Shark fisheries in Central America: a review and update. 2014, 2017; Ebert et al. Climate-impacts on chondrichthyans are projected to be highest in the tropics, where a decrease in size, abundance, and diversity is expected (Cheung et al., 2012; Jones and Cheung, 2015). Chondrichthyan | Definition, Species, & Facts | Britannica Only five of the 10 theses published in Costa Rica focused on sharks, rays, or chimeras; the remaining ones only mentioned or included species lists. Figure 6. Notoraja martinezi sp. Elasmobranchs have been studied more intensively in the Pacific than in the Caribbean (Table 3). PLoS ONE 6:e21459. The Chondrichtyes Species Richness (CSR) of each OGU was obtained from the total number of species present by OGU (S1 Table). Table of Contents Home Science Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates Fish chondrichthyan Form and function Distinguishing features The elasmobranchs are fishlike vertebrates that differ from bony fishes in many respects. Bonilla, R., and Chavarra, J. Data deficient and not assessed species are represented in blue, non-threatened species are represented in green and threatened species are represented in red (IUCN Red List categories). An essay on the various species of sawfish. An identification key for Chondrichthyes egg cases of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. The class Chondrichthyes comprises almost 1050 extant species ofcartilaginous fishes, encompassing skates, sharks, rays, andchimaeras. Cienc. This review was funded by the Vicerrectora de Investigacin from the Universidad de Costa Rica (Project No. doi: 10.3354/esr00731. *Correspondence: Mario Espinoza, marioespinozamen@gmail.com, http://www.fishnet2.net/aboutFishNet.html, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00085/full#supplementary-material, http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp, http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp, http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/sftep/en/pages, http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/pages, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The other explanation for this longitudinal gradient could be related to the possible role of the Mediterranean Sea as an ecological sink. Mar. (2015). Garman, S. (1880). Assessment of the conservation status of Chondrichthyans Del Moral-Flores, L. F., Angulo, A., Lpez, M. I., and Bussing, W. A. In contrast, landings from pelagic fisheries are concentrated in four main ports (Figure 1), where inspectors from the Costa Rican fishing institute regularly monitor shark landings. Moreover, several shark species have been morphologically and genetically identified from shark fin exports (e.g., C. longimanus, and S. lewini) (Abercrombie and Hernandez, 2017), proving a useful tool to enforce domestic and international regulations. Available online at: http://globalfishingwatch.org. A. J. Exp. Bull. Biol. An Inventory of Sources of Data in Central America on Shark Fisheries Operating in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. In 2014, the first global assessment of Chondrichthyes predicted that 24% of 1,041 species of sharks, rays and chimaeras were threatened. At present, many species of this group are threatened as a result of anthropogenic effects, including fishing activity. We would like to thank Raquel Romero Chaves for her help with the map in Figure 1. Mar. Masters thesis, James Cook University. Three-quarters of studies were scientific publications, 11% books, 9% theses, and 5% official technical reports. 448, 228239. Sci. Fish. Acad. Rev. Mar. (2010). In Costa Rica, for example, reconstructed shark catches were estimated to be 83% higher than FAO statistics, while national landing statistics were 60% lower than FAO landing statistics (Trujillo et al., 2015). Large, slow moving demersal species are the most susceptible to bottom trawling, with the brown smoothhound Mustelus henlei (Gill, 1863), velez ray Rostroraja velezi (Chirichigno F. 1973), southern banded guitarfish Zapteryx xyster (Jordan and Evermann, 1896), and panamic stingray Urotrygon aspidura (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) comprising over 70% of catches from 2008 to 2012 (Clarke et al., 2016). Latitude and longitude of each OGU were calculated with a geographic information system (ArcGis 10.3 program). Museum 47, 11240. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Over the past decades, marine research in Costa Rica has grown considerably (Wehrtmann and Corts, 2009), yet chondrichthyan science continues to be overlooked. 50, 4758. doi: 10.15517/rbt.v64i1.23454. Chondrichthyes play a key role in the ecosystems where they are found [10], many of them as apical predators. doi: 10.1007/s10021-001-0065-5. However, the lack of information on landings in private docks and fishing effort in the open seas makes it unclear whether foreign fishing vessel activity has actually stopped (Dent and Clarke, 2015). Recent assessments, for example, estimated that one-quarter of the world's chondrichthyans were threatened with extinction as a result of overfishing (Dulvy et al., 2014; Davidson et al., 2016). During 2000-2011, Costa Rica was the sixth largest exporter of shark meat products, the eighth largest exporter of shark fins in terms of volume, and seventh in terms of value (Dent and Clarke, 2015). The Chondrichthyes have traditionally included the subclasses Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, an Conserv. Acad. Nueva especie del gnero Urobatis (Myliobatiformes: Urotrygonidae) del Pacfico oriental tropical. Dcimo tercer Informe Estado de la Nacin en Desarrollo Humano Sostenible: La Zona Marino-Costera. However, Costa Rica only reported an average export of 1.9 million USD in shark fins during the same period. These findings support the need for regional management approaches that may improve the conservation and/or sustainability of chondrichthyan species. Lpez, S. M. I., and Bussing, W. A. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Wehrtmann, I. S., and Corts, J. Biol. Challenges and priorities in shark and ray conservation. Norton, S. L., Wiley, T. R., Carlson, J. K., Frick, A. L., Poulakis, G. R., and Simpfendorfer, C. A. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00204.x. Ecosyst. We proposed an adaptive management framework for chondrichthyan fisheries in data-poor countries where management goals/targets are clearly defined. Engaging fisher communities in landings data collection may also be a transparent and socially responsible way to raise local capacity, contribute to decision making and in the process of adaptive management. Of the Chondrichthyes species from the Mediterranean Sea, 57 species were assessed in the. IATTC (2016). doi: 10.1038/nature10082. Of the Chondrichthyes species from the Mediterranean Sea, 57 species were assessed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [25]. 6, 167172. Fish. Ecol. The remaining eight species are obligate offshore species, and all of them are present in the Pacific, whereas only three are present in the Caribbean. J. Aquat. Sci. (2012). (2009), Lpez-Garro and Zanella (2015), Rojas et al. (2016). Vsquez, V. E., Ebert, D. A., and Long, D. J. 14, 217224. 147, 3646. Yes Latitude is only correlated with CSR, without considering Lessepsian species (LCSR) and highly migratory species (HCSR). Rhinobatis, shown on display at the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, Aquatic animal telemetry: a panoramic window into the underwater world. Mar. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. (1882). Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W. (1896). Figure 5. Principles for managing marine ecosystems prone to tipping points. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or bony fishes, which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. Stable isotope profiles of large marine predators: viable indicators of trophic position, diet, and movement in sharks? Combatting illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing with information: a case of probable illegal fishing in the tropical Eastern Pacific. Yes Factors that hinder the collection of adequate landings statistics vary among fisheries. It was constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps towards 1869. Salas, S., Chuenpagdee, R., Carlos, J., and Charles, A. They comprise more than twice the number of chondrichthyan species relative to the nearest group, the Carcharhiniformes ( n = 296). Zootaxa 3861, 554574. All 13 orders of chondrichthyan fishes occur in Taiwanese waters, representing 52 chondrichthyan families (31 shark, 19 batoid, 2 chimaeroid) and 98 genera (64 shark, 31 batoid, 3 chimaeroid). Pelagic species represent ~47% (43 species in the Pacific and 15 in the Caribbean), whereas 81% exhibit demersal habits (69 species in the Pacific and 18 in the Caribbean; Appendix I in Supplementary Material). 92, 75103. Glob. This checklist represents the first global checklist of chondrichthyans to include information on maximum size, geographic and depth distributions, as well as comments on taxonomically problematic species and recent and regularly overlooked synonymizations. Moreover, many coastal elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) utilize a wide range of inshore habitats during their early stages as feeding, reproduction, and/or nursery grounds (Heupel et al., 2007; Jirik and Lowe, 2012; Tobin et al., 2014; Chapman et al., 2015). Heal. Centro Oceanogrfico de Canarias, Instituto Espaol de Oceanografa (IEO), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175699.t002. According to the synonyms, accepted names from Fishbase were used [21]. There are around 1,000 species in this class of fish. At present, many species of this group are threatened as a result of anthropogenic effects, including fishing activity. Forty-eight species are endemic to the ETP; 24 species are circumglobal; 7 species are endemic to the Western Atlantic Ocean; 6 species have distributions that include the entire Indo-Pacific Ocean; 4 species have distributions on the entire Atlantic Ocean; 4 species are found in both the Eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic Oceans; 3 species are reported for the entire Pacific Ocean; and one species is known to occur in both Atlantic and southwest Indian Oceans (Appendix I in Supplementary Material).
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