what was the atlantic star medal awarded for

Genuine issue medal. In April, Smith helped lead the 2023 U.S. Men's Under-18 National Team to a Gold Medal at the Under-18 Men's World Championship after he led the tournament in goals (nine) and points (20). Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility - GOV.UK The obverse has a central design of the Royal Cypher of. Awarded for 30 days full-time or 90 days part-time service at home or overseas in the Australian Armed Forces and the Australian Mercantile marine between 3 September 1939 and 2 September 1945. Australian Operational Service Medal Civilian (2012) Gold medalists beat this by a solid four years, living to 76. For air crew of the Royal Air Force, two months of operational flying was required in order to qualify for the award of the Air Crew Europe Star. However, regulations stipulated that only the first clasp earned could be worn with the medal. Iraq Medal (200313) This is not an option that you choose - this is determined by the issuer or protocol. Merchant Marine - awarded under the same conditions as Navy, but requiring six months service at sea anywhere provided one voyage is made in the defined area. Atlantic Star | Military Wiki | Fandom The star was awarded for six months service afloat, in the Atlantic or in Home Waters, within the period 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945. A silver Read more The Atlantic Star is a military campaign medal, instituted by the United Kingdom in May 1945 for award to subjects of the British Commonwealth for service in the Second World War. THE DEFENCE MEDAL. Orders for standard non-customised items are usually dispatched with a couple of days. The reverse is plain and blank and the award is issued unnamed. The Atlantic Star could not be awarded unless the 1939-1945 Star had been earned for 180 days of operational service or for 2 months of service in the air and therefore, the total requirement for the Atlantic Star is 12 months at sea or 4 months in the air. British War Medal This reproduction Atlantic Star medal is made from silver plated lead-free pewter. The Atlantic Star was a British Commonwealth campaign medal presented for service during World War II. Your email address will not be published. Army - awarded under the same conditions as Navy. [17][18], The award of a gallantry medal or Mention in Dispatches for action during operational flying over Europe, qualified the recipient for the immediate award of the Air Crew Europe Star, regardless of service duration. If your order includes one of our plaques or a frame/case with a plaque, please complete the details that you would like engraving in full. An arabic numeral '1' or '8' may be worn on this ribbon to denote service with the British 1st Army or 8th Army respectively. The Arctic Star is a military campaign medal which was instituted by the United Kingdom on 19 December 2012 for award to subjects of the British Commonwealth for service in the Second World War, specifically on the Arctic Convoys north of the Arctic Circle. Clasp or Emblem (if awarded): Battle of Britain. [1][19], Both clasps were struck in bronze and have a frame with an inside edge which resembles the perforated edge of a postage stamp. What was probably an evolutionary trait derived from a chronic scarcity of resources in our premodern past, the need to win still manifests in many areas of life, sometimes in absurd ways. The Air Crew Europe Star is a military campaign medal, instituted by the United Kingdom in May 1945 for award to British and Commonwealth air crews who participated in operational flights over Europe from bases in the United Kingdom during the Second World War. United Nations Korea Medal (195053) The Atlantic Star is a Second World War medal was issued between 03 September 1939 and 08 May 1945 (Europe) or 02 September 1945 (Pacific). Army - operational service in Burma, and, in addition, provinces of Bengal and Assam between 1 May 1942 and 31 December 1943; provinces of Bengal and Assam east of the Brahmaputra between 1 January 1944 and 2 September 1945; China and Malaya between 16 February 1942 and 2 September 1945. THE ATLANTIC STAR - New Zealand Military Medals - Birkenhead RSA Burma Star Campaign medals - when were they awarded ? 1. The 1939-45 Star must be earned first. Simply having a time limit means competing against themselveswhich is often more fun. We are . [1][3], On 8 July 1943, the 193943 Star (later named the 19391945 Star) and the Africa Star became the first two campaign stars instituted, and by May 1945 a total of eight stars and nine clasps had been established to reward campaign service during the Second World War. In case all else fails, I should mention one last way to go for the bronze that comes from the ancient Greeks. Atlantic Star - Wikipedia Today we are looking at the Atlantic Star, and this specific example is a bit special as it was awarded to my grandfather. Those who subsequently qualified for either the France and Germany Star or Air Crew Europe Star were awarded the appropriate clasp to the Atlantic star. 1939-1945 Star - Veterans Affairs Canada The late archaeologist Stephen Gaylord Miller described the funeral games of Patroklos, in which athletes exerted themselves physically and mentally as if to state triumphantly, I am alive! If you adopt this approach in your own daily life contests, you will rightfully claim the sweetest prize: life itself. The reverse is plain and follows a no-engraving policy. A It was awarded to. The medal hangs from a blue, white and sea green ribbon representing the colours of the Atlantic Ocean: The qualifying areas for the award of the Atlantic Star were the Atlantic and Home Waters excluding the Mediterranean, the south Atlantic between the longitude of Cape Horn and longitude 20 East (South Africa), and the convoy routes to ports in North Russia. They are sixpointed stars, struck in yellow copper zinc alloy to fit into a 44 millimetres diameter circle, with a maximum width of 38 millimetres and 50 millimetres high from the bottom point of the star to the top of the eyelet. A period of six months (180 days) operational service for Navy and Army personnel and Air Force non-air crew personnel. Fortunately, there is a formula to solve this problem without unrealistically suggesting that we dispense entirely with our competitive urge: Instead of always going for gold, shoot for the bronze. General Service Medal (19621975) Worcestershire Medal Service: Atlantic Star (original) | Worcestershire This bronze star, awarded to commemorate the Battle of the Atlantic, was granted for six months' service afloat. Atlantic Star | ADF Members & Families | Defence The 'Atlantic Star' was envisaged primarily as an award for the Merchant Navy and the Royal Navy crews that escorted them during the Battle of the Atlantic. 3. British uniform regulations stipulated that neither the Air Crew Europe Star nor the France and Germany Star would be awarded to a recipient of the Atlantic Star. Merchant seaman also qualified for the award of the medal, also on condition that the 19391945 Star must have already been earned. Atlantic Star - TracesOfWar.com Navy and Merchant Marine - service in the Mediterranean Sea directly connected with active operations in the Mediterranean theatre, or for shore service under same criteria as Army. Download the TracesOfWar app directly on, Australia (1901-present, Federal Monarchy), Belgium (1830-present, Constitutional Monarchy), Canada (1931-present, Constitutional Monarchy), Soviet Union (1922-1991, People's Republic), Privacy statement, cookies, disclaimer and copyright, - Dorling H.T., Ribbons and Medals, Philip, London 1974. We are confronted daily with details about the most wealthy, powerful, glamorous, and admired people on the planet. Discussion in 'Service Records' started by dbf, Dec 14, 2013. qualified for either the France and Germany Star or Air Crew Europe Star were awarded the appropriate clasp to the Atlantic star. War 2 Medals Awarded, (Extract [1][2][3], Two clasps were instituted to be worn on the medal ribbon: Atlantic and France and Germany. When the ribbon is worn alone, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon bar to denote the award of a clasp. Researchers report this fascinating finding about how young rats play-fight as part of their development. [1][4][5], Including the Arctic Star and the Bomber Command clasp, no-one could be awarded more than six campaign stars, with five of the ten clasps awarded denoting service that would have qualified for a second star. Regulations only allow one clasp, the first earned, to be worn with the Star. For military medals details are typically formatted as follows: For civilian medals, typically the first name and surname would be engraved in full. However, it was also awarded to RAF crews that supported convoys and hunted U-boats, as well as soldiers that manned armed merchant ships. The obverse follows the usual pattern for the World War II campaign medals with a six pointed star witha central design of theRoyal CypherGRI VI, surmounted by a crown. [17], The Air Crew Europe Star was instituted in May 1945 for award to air crew who flew operations from the United Kingdom over Europe. It is supplied with a ribbon and mounted on a card. This is the order worn, even when a recipient qualified for them in a different order. France and Germany Star | ADF Members & Families | Defence Army - awarded for six months service in an operational command during the period 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945. The Atlantic Star is a campaign medal for British & Commonwealth forces during the Second World War. Standard production time is approx 7 days. Merchant Marine - awarded under the same conditions as Navy provided that at least one voyage was made through a specified area of active operations. Awarded for six months service afloat between 3rd September 1939 and 8th May 1945 in the Atlantic, home waters and to those employed in convoys to North Russia, and, in the South Atlantic west of longitude 20 degrees East. A person qualifying for this Star and the Atlantic Star and the France and Germany Star is awarded only the first earned, plus Clasps for the others. Even if a person had several "mentions", The 17-year . The Atlantic Star is a military campaign medal, instituted by the United Kingdom in May 1945 for award to British Commonwealth forces who took part in the Battle of the Atlantic, the longest continuous campaign of the Second World War. National Museum of the Royal New Zealand Navy All rights reserved. Atlantic Star, WW2 medal - Close Look Collections Clasps Issued: 2 The two claps issued were "AIR CREW EUROPE" and "FRANCE AND GERMANY". On the contrary, left unmanaged, it can create misery for ourselves and others. [1][8][17], From D-Day on 6 June 1944, operational flying over Europe qualified air crew for the award of the France and Germany Star or, for holders of either the Atlantic Star or Air Crew Europe Star, the award of the France and Germany Clasp. from The National Archives - Merchant Canadian Medals Chart - Canada.ca 1 is about the most precarious approach you can adopt. File:Australian Service Medal 1939-45 ribbon.png Australia Service Medal (193945), Australian Active Service Medal (194575) Air Crew Europe. The Atlantic Star was awarded for six months service afloat in the Atlantic or in Home Waters within the period from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945. The location of the qualifying areas differs in the case of the Royal Navy and the Merchant Navy. Rather than dreaming about giving a concert at Carnegie Hall, go play at your neighborhood community center. Air Force - air crew service in operations against the enemy (one operational sortie qualifies). Second place is just the first loser is an aphorism widely attributed to the legendary NASCAR champion Dale Earnhardt. The medal was awarded for six months service on active operations for Army and Navy, and two months for active air-crew. It was instituted to commemorate the Battle of the Atlantic the longest continuous military campaign in the Second World War running from 3 September, 1939 - 8 May, 1945. It was awarded specifically to those who took part in the Battle of the Atlantic. Thisis the first British medal to be instituted and awarded using a dead monarchs cypher or effigy, who did not give permission for it to be instituted. for Brave Conduct. What exactly does famous or rich or fast mean, besides having more celebrity, money, or athletic ability than someone else (that is, you)? This page was last edited on 12 June 2023, at 11:39. The 1939-1945 Star must have been earned before commencing qualifying service for the Atlantic Star. [1][3][8][19], The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with a 4 millimetres wide black band and a 3 millimetres wide yellow band, repeated in reverse order and separated by an 18 millimetres wide blue band. They do not have the same weight, exact finish or detailing as original medals and . Atlantic Star The Arctic Star - British Medals & Awards, WW2, World War II Air crew personnel with 60 days/two months service in an operational unit including at least one operational sortie. Treating competition as all-or-nothing will never make you as happy as simply doing your best and finding satisfaction in that. Our showroom in Telford is open Monday - Thursday 9-4pm and Friday 9-2pm. The Arctic Star is a retrospective award, announced in late 2012, nearly seven decades after the end of the Second World War. If you would like your medal to be able to be pinned on to a garment for wearing, you will need to select the relevant option on each medal page. rose on the ribbon bar signifies the award of a bar. For plaque engraving, text across two lines is (in our opinion) the most visually appealing. But think this way we do, because humans are born and wired to compete with one another. Canadian Medals Chart. Decades ago, researchers showed this in such enduring experiments as asking people to solve puzzles and then measuring the interest they reported: They found the puzzles less rewarding when competing against others rather than against the clock. Earlier this month, the Army renamed a base for William Henry Johnson, a Black soldier who was awarded the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest military award, almost a century after he was . Two clasps were instituted to be worn on the medal ribbon, Battle of Britain and Bomber Command. Orders & Medals Research Society Journal, September 2018, pp 148-157, the Monarch of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, and Emperor of India, Air Crew Europe Star on the UK Parliament website, Stephen Stratford Medals site: British Military & Criminal History, 1900 to 1999. The 1939-1945 Star is a military campaign medal instituted by the United Kingdom on 8 July 1943 for award to British and Commonwealth forces for service in the Second World War. Atlantic Star | Commonwealth WW2 Campaign Medals for Sale - Award Medals Pacific Star {"id":355229615,"title":"Atlantic Star Miniature","handle":"atlantic-star-miniature-medal","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlantic Star is a campaign medal for British \u0026amp; Commonwealth forces during the Second World War. The Italy Star. Anyone The award of a gallantry medal orMention in Dispatchesfor action while serving in the qualifying areas, qualified the recipient for the award of the Atlantic Star, regardless of service duration. Atlantic Star - UK Parliament The France and Germany Star with the Atlantic clasp. Six months naval service or four months air service in the Atlantic, United Kingdom (home) waters or North Russian waters was normally required. 21 May, 2020, Merchant Regulations only allow one clasp to be worn with the Star. The study had a handy explanation for this discrepancy: Dissatisfactory competition outcomes may adversely affect health. In other words, silver medalists see themselves as the first loser because they look up to the top step and compare themselves only with the gold medalists, whereas the bronze winners compare themselves favorably with all the others who never made it onto the podium at all. Made and Maintained by Yisela Alvarez Trentini, The Messina Earthquake Commemorative Medal, The Medal for the Liberation of Kuwait (Canada), The Air Force Cross and Medal (United Kingdom), The Inter Allied Victory Medal (Great Britain), The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. updated: The Atlantic Star, instituted to commemorate the Battle of the Atlantic, was awarded to crews of the Royal Navy and the Merchant Navy for operational service at sea for at least 6 months in the Atlantic, the home waters or on the Russian convoys and to air crews for at least 2 months of operational service in these areas between September 3rd, 1939 and May 8th, 1945 or September 2nd, 1945 for operational service in the Pacific. 1939-1945 Star - Wikipedia The Atlantic clasp was issued for the France and Germany Star. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Or are you interested in war medals and their recipients? Privacy statement, cookies, disclaimer and copyright, On a journey of discovery to historical sites? We custom make each and every Frame, Mounting, Medal Naming and Military Display Framing order specifically for you. It was instituted to commemorate the Battle of the Atlantic the longest continuous military campaign in the Second World War running from 3 September, 1939 8 May, 1945. 'Medal Mounting Options' refers to the ready to wear mounting service for all medals. Personnel whose required service period was terminated prematurely by death, disability or wounds due to service were also awarded the Star regardless of service duration. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 1799-1939 (excl WW1) Navy GSM/GSM/CSM 1915-todate; WW1 & WW2; 1945 - to date; United Nations; NATO; Coronation and Jubilee Medals; . Atlantic Star. As many as 120,000 veterans or their next-of-kin are believed to be eligible for the Arctic Star. [21] In the case of South Africans, the naming comprised the recipient's force number, initials and surname in block capitals. Medals - World War 2 - ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee Sku: 01-07-00024 Shipping Info Mounting Options Engraving Options Orders for standard non-customised items are usually dispatched with a couple of days. In my own world of academia, I have witnessed bitter disputes over a few square feet of office space. The Defence Medal and War Medal are worn after the stars. Navy - awarded for six months service afloat in areas of active operations from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945. Awarded for six months service afloat between 3rd September 1939 and 8th May 1945 in the Atlantic, home waters and to those employed in convoys to North Russia, and, in the South Atlantic west of longitude 20 degrees East. A Clasp would be worn to signify The recipient's name was impressed on the reverse of the stars awarded to Indians, South Africans and, after a campaign led by veteran organisations, to Australians. Second World War Medals - The Mounting and Wearing of Decorations More likely, you will spend most of your time feeling like a silver medalist: always aspiring, pinning your bliss on a single outcome, but succumbing again and again to the tyranny of probabilityand disappointment. A silver rose emblem is worn on the ribbon bar to denote the award of a bar. Army - operational service in territories, not including Burma, that have been invaded by the enemy or the allies. More recent research has looked at the life span of all three medalist categories. Naval personnel if they completed 180 days/6 months afloat with at least one voyage made in areas of operations as laid out in the regulations between certain specified dates. 193945 Star, "Campaign Stars and the Defence Medal (Regulations)", New Zealand Defence Force - British Commonwealth War And Campaign Medals Awarded To New Zealanders - The Air Crew Europe Star, War Service (Decorations) Statement in the House of Commons by Winston Churchill on 3 August 1943 (HC Deb 03 August 1943 vol 391 cc2091-3), The National Archives Ministry of Defence Arctic Star and Bomber Command Clasp, New Zealand Defence Force The 193945 Star Eligibility Rules, New Zealand Defence Force The Atlantic Star Eligibility Rules, New Zealand Defence Force The Air Crew Europe Star Eligibility Rules, New Zealand Defence Force The France and Germany Star Eligibility Rules, New Zealand Defence Force The Arctic Star, New Zealand Defence Force The Africa Star Eligibility Rules, New Zealand Defence Force The Pacific Star Eligibility Rules, New Zealand Defence Force The Burma Star Eligibility Rules, New Zealand Defence Force The Italy Star Eligibility Rules, Forces War Records - Medals - Air Crew Europe Star Medal, GOV.UK - Defence and armed forces guidance - Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility - Air Crew Europe Star, Veterans Affairs Canada - Air Crew Europe Star, Extract from the Regulations: Air Crew Europe Star (Access date 8 October 2018), New Zealand Defence Force - The Defence Medal Eligibility Rules, New Zealand Defence Force - The War Medal 1939-45 Eligibility Rules, Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia, Australian Active Service Medal 19451975, Australian General Service Medal for Korea, Australian Operational Service Medal Border Protection, Australian Operational Service Medal Civilian, Australian Operational Service Medal GMEO, Australian Operational Service Medal Special Operations, Australian Operational Service Medal Counter Terrorism/Special Recovery, New Zealand General Service Medal 1992 (Warlike), New Zealand General Service Medal 1992 (Non-Warlike), New Zealand Special Service Medal (Nuclear Testing), New Zealand Special Service Medal (Erebus), New Zealand Special Service Medal (Asian Tsunami), South African military decorations and medals, Meritorious Service Medal (United Kingdom), Meritorious Service Medal (Cape of Good Hope), Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Cape of Good Hope), Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Natal), Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal, Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (South Africa), Volunteer Officers' Decoration for India and the Colonies, Volunteer Long Service Medal for India and the Colonies, Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration, Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal, Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal, King's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces, Union of South Africa Commemoration Medal, Cape Copper Company Medal for the Defence of O'okiep, Medal for Distinguished Conduct and Loyal Service, Queen's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces, National Cadet Bisley Grand Champion Medal, Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Gold, Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Silver, Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Bronze, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Crew_Europe_Star&oldid=1159765960, Military decorations and medals of South Africa, Military decorations and medals of South Africa pre-1952, Military awards and decorations of World War II, History of the Royal Air Force during World War II, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0. Atlantic Star - Foxhole Medals The six-pointed star is yellow copper . the 1939-1945 ribbon were issued in advance of the others. The Atlantic Star was awarded for service during the Second World War. 4 of 13 players selected in 1st round. 10 Leasows Court, Also awarded to aircrew who have taken part in operations against the enemy at sea within the qualifying areas for Naval personnel, subject to 2 months service in an operational unit. Medal engraving (often referred to as 'Medal Naming') is the process of engraving personal details on the edge, back or bar of a medal. The Atlantic Star - British Medals & Awards, WW2, World War II A 2018 study in the journal Economics & Human Biology tracked the average longevity of those representing the U.S. in the Olympic Games from 1904 to 1936 and found that the athlete whose best performance was silver lived to 72. [2] One more campaign star, the Arctic Star, and one more clasp, the Bomber Command Clasp, were belatedly added on 26 February 2013, more than sixty-seven years after the end of the war. Description The Atlantic Star was awarded to commemorate the Battle of the Atlantic between 3 September 1939 and 8 May 1945. The institution of this medal was the end result of a 16-year-long campaign by veterans who stressed that service in thearctic convoysnorth of the Arctic Circle was entirely different from that in the Atlantic, for which theAtlantic Starhad been awarded. Navy and Merchant Marine - service in the Bay of Bengal and the prescribed area of the Indian Ocean, or for shore service under same criteria as Army. Atlantic Star (1939-1945) Awarded after the Battle of the Atlantic for service between 3 September 1939 and 8 May 1945. To expand on the wisdom of Earnhardt, although second place may be the first loser, third place can be the real winnerat least when it comes to happiness and longevity. The reverse of the medal is unmarked in the UK, although some Commonwealth nations did add the recipients name here. Australian Operational Service Medal GMEO (2014). This medal was instituted in May 1945 and awarded to forces who served in the Battle of the Atlantic. Army - entry into the operational area on the posted strength of a unit or formation in the area between the Suez Canal and the Straits of Gibraltar between 10 June 1940 and 12 May 1943 or for service in operations in Abyssinia, Somaliland, Eritrea, Malta or Syria. Vietnam Logistic and Support Medal (196873) Websites referenced for this thread, and which may be of further interest: A Casualty Branch branch memo for Officers in charge service records, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_campaign_medals, NZDF Medals - British Commonwealth War and Campaign Medals Awarded to New Zealanders, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/28389/Medals_Booklet.pdf, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939-1945_Star, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#to-1945-star, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/+010 1939-1945 Star/, http://www.veterans-uk.info/arctic_star_index.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Star, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#atlantic-star, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Crew_Europe_Star, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#air-crew-europe-star, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/+030 Air Crew Europe Star/default.htm, NZDF - The Aircrew Europe Star Regulations, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#arctic-star, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/+035 Arctic Star/default.htm, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#africa-star, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/+040 Africa Star/default.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Star, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaignsc-star-malaya-singapore-and-the-pacific-ocean, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/+050 Pacific Star/default.htm, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#burma-star, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/+060 Burma Star/default.htm, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#italy-star, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/+070 Italy Star/default.htm, NZDF Medals - The Italy Star Regulations, NZDF Medals - The France and Germany Star, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_Germany_Star, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#france-and-germany-star, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/+080 France and Germany Star/default.htm, NZDF Medals - The France And Germany Star Regulations, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Medal_, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#defence-medal-1939-to-1945, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/+090 Defence Medal/default.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Medal_19391945, https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#war-medal-1939-to-1945, http://www.defence.gov.au/medals/Content/+040 Campaign Medals/+100 World War II/+100 War Medal 1939-1945/default.htm, NZDF - The War Medal 1939 - 45 Regulations, http://ww2talk.com/forums/topic/51086-ww2-campaign-stars-medals-info-thread/?p=601267, http://ww2talk.com/forums/topic/51086-ww2-campaign-stars-medals-info-thread/?p=601337, First Arctic Star medals already in production - GOV.UK, http://www.parliament.uk/documents/.DEFENCE-Arctic-star-Bomber-Command-Clasp.pdf.
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