These maintenance hosts are a source of infection for livestock and can also be described as a source for BTB in humans that have close contact with infected animals, such as hunters and game farmers [60]. People are most commonly infected through the ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products derived from infected animals but also through inhalation of infectious aerosols or direct contact through breaks . The widely distributed Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) might also be a possible reservoir of BTB in Ethiopia [1]. We describe it in an immunocompetent patient. In: Prins H., Grootenhuis J.G., Dolan T., editors. Bovine TB disease can cause permanent damage and possibly death. Risk factors for zoonotic tuberculosis at the wildlife-livestock-human interface in South Africa. The impact of badger removal on the control of tuberculosis in cattle herds in Ireland. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Corner L.A.L. What Factors Contributed To The World's Overall Population Growth, What Is The Difference Between Fear And Anxiety. This shows a high prevalence of environmental mycobacteria in wildlife, the role of which is unknown [58]. Humans and Cattle: A Review of Bovine Zoonoses - PMC Following review of the state's TB program by a USDA lead team, California achieved Accredited Free status as of August 8, 2016. Bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2006 Mar;86(2):77-109. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2005.05.002. In North America, it is estimated that at least 79% of reportable domestic animal diseases have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen and at least 40% are zoonotic [39]. Use sound independent science to guide disease surveillance and control strategies. PMC A review. Katale Bovine tuberculosis at the human-livestock-wildlife interface: Is it a public health problem in Tanzania? Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Kahn H., Kaplan B., Monath T., Steele J. Akalu B. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. It describes Mycobacterium bovis in humans, livestock, and wildlife, and how the disease can be controlled by using One Health approach. Bovine tuberculosis in humans. Although it is generally difficult to diagnose TB in live animals and tuberculin testing has limitations, this approach is recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH; founded as Office International des pizooties (OIE)). Hibert F., Calenge C., Fritz H., Maillard D., Bouche P., Ipavec A., Convers A., Ombredane D., de Visscher M.-N. Spatial avoidance of invading pastoral cattle by wild ungulates: insights from using point process statistics. Economics of bovine tuberculosis. Unlock the power of information, anytime, anywhere. Wilkins M.J., Meyerson J., Bartlett P.C., Spieldenner S.L., Berry D.E., Mosher L.B., Kaneene J.B., Robinson-Dunn B., Stobierski M.G., Boulton M.L. The strains were not related to the herds detected in California in 2002-2003. There are no sufficient studies clearly indicating the role of humans, livestock, wildlife and their environment with respect to the transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium bovis in the Ethiopian Somali pastoral areas. Mosugelo D.K., Moe S.R., Ringrose S., Nellemann C. Vegetation changes during a 36-year period in northern Chobe National Park, Botswana. Office Internationale des Epizooties (OIE); Paris, France: 2016. Owners who live in a geographic area known to have TB-infected wildlife (see Fact Sheet - Wild Animals) can implement biosecurity measures to mitigate the risk of disease transmission to their livestock. Bovine tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to Africa Pan Afr Med J. From respondents who had information about bovine tuberculosis, 42.9% stated that the ingestion of raw animal products (milk and meat) as the mode of bovine tuberculosis transmission of zoonotic TB. Infection can also occur from direct contact with a wound, such as what might occur during slaughter or hunting, or by inhaling the bacteria in air exhaled by animals infected with M. bovis. Tschopp R., Berg S., Argaw K., Gadisa E., Habtamu M., Schelling E., Young D., Aseffa A., Zinsstag J. Griffin J.M., Williams D.H., Kelly G.E., Clegg T.A., Oboyle I., Collins J.D., Morea S.J. The diagnosis was made during trace investigation testing after a suspicious mass in a cow identified during routine slaughter inspection was confirmed positive. A study done on bovine tuberculosis in Somali pastoral livestock showed low prevalence of the disease. We present two cases of human bovine tuberculosis. Initial symptoms of bovine TB disease may include a productive cough, fever, night sweats, chest pain, and loss of appetite. [32] indicated that M. bovis was found to be a cause for tuberculous lymphadenitis in 17.1% of 29 human tuberculosis cases in Ethiopia. The site is secure. The CFIA imposes a quarantine on infected premises to help protect members of the public. In people, M. bovis causes TB disease that can affect the lungs, lymph nodes, and other parts of the body. Caley P., Hone J. Assessing the host disease status of wildlife and the implications for disease control: Caron A., Cross P., du Toit J. Ecological implications of bovine tuberculosis in African buffalo herds. Classic examples of maintenance hosts include the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand [12], the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the USA [47], the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in the UK and Ireland [23], the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in South Africa [16], and more recently described, the wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Spain [44] and wood bison (Bison bison) in Canada [45]. In cattle, it is mainly a respiratory disease but clinical signs are rare. Contaminated feed, water or the environment are less likely modes of transmission. Zinsstag J., Schelling E., Wyss K., Mahamat B. However, humans can still become infected by drinking raw milk or eating . 2020 Aug;13(8):1725-1731. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1725-1731. Mycobacterium bovis - Wikipedia Before eradication measures were adopted, bovine TB was one of the major diseases of man and domestic animals. Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning humans can be infected by exposure to infected animals or animal products. environmental conditions, human behavior, etc.) The owner must wait 45 days before the premises can be restocked. Generally the Human-LivestockWildlife Interface is poorly studied in Ethiopia and Somali Pastoralists in particular [7,15] (Fig. 2023 May 18;10:102223. doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102223. These measures include: Ongoing surveillance identifies any new infections maintaining Canada's current health status for TB and helps maintain current, and attract new market access opportunities for Canadian livestock and livestock products. Certain scenarios can create considerable risk of transmission and introduction of bovine TB into other herds. Mycobacterium bovis is a pathogen of cattle. All reported human BTB cases are of livestock origin and to date there are no published reports of direct BTB transmission from wildlife to humans in Africa. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) which can also infect and cause disease in many other mammals including humans, deer, goats, pigs, cats, dogs and badgers. WHO . Potential of cooperation between human and animal health to strengthen health systems. Epub 2023 May 13. Is bovine density and ownership associated with human tuberculosis in India? Young T.P., Palmer T.M., Gadd M.E. Bovine TB is a zoonotic disease and can be passed to humans. On rare occasions, bovine TB is passed to a human when bacteria from the infected animal get into a cut on a person's skin. There is no preventative treatment to protect animals from becoming infected with tuberculosis. Kapalamula TF, Thapa J, Hayashida K, Chizimu J, Tanomsridachchai W, Nyenje ME, Mkakosya R, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. J Vet Diagn Invest. Human bovine tuberculosis - remains in the differential Prevalence of BTB in Ethiopian wildlife. The organism affects humans, cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, birds, monkeys, and zoo animals. Herd TB testing revealed one animal that had suspicious lesions during necropsy; samples were confirmed positive for. World Organization for Animal Health; Paris, France: 2009. In Ethiopia there is no comprehensive report about the status of M. bovis in wildlife populations that often share habitat with livestock. Berhanu S., Kassahun A., Kassa D., Gelagay A., Gezahegne M., Gobena A. What is bovine tuberculosis in humans. California has been involved in bovine TB eradication programs since 1917. Evidence of bovine TB is most commonly found in the lymph glands of the throat and lungs of affected animals. Competition and compensation among cattle, zebras, and elephants in a semi-arid savanna in Laikipia, Kenya. on What is bovine tuberculosis and what animals does it affect? In 1998, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) implemented an aggressive TB action plan with a special focus on the states large dairy industry. As M. bovis can be excreted in cattle manure and survive in the environment over days and months [27], it is worth remembering that disease transmission can still occur even with a temporally asymmetric interface (with no direct animal contact). Diseases transmitted between humans, domestic animals, and wildlife are increasingly challenging public and veterinary health systems [38]. An official website of the United States government. CDFA Animal Health and Food Safety Services, Moritz M., Ritchey K., Kari S. The social context of herding contracts in the far north region of Cameroon. The animals immune system still recognizes the TB invader and releases additional macrophages. This situation is exacerbated during drought, when nomadic tribes move and establish temporary settlements in areas where grazing land and water are available. Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Tuberculosis in Cattle: What You Need to Know - SDSU Extension Zvidzai et al. R. Soc. Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease of cattle. What Is Bovine Tuberculosis In Humans? - Researchtopics.quest Tuberculosis is classified into three types: Human TB, or M. tuberculosis, is rarely transmitted to animals, although it is often the type of TB that affects elephants. Baker M.G., Lopez L.D., Cannon M.C., De Lisle G.W., Collins D.M. Cattle buyers can require that animals be tested before purchasing to mitigate the risk of infection. MSc. In humans, bovine TB resembles human TB and can involve the lungs, lymph nodes, or organs of the digestive system. government site. The states raw milk dairies are regularly tested for tuberculosis. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The disease causes significant animal health-induced economic loss, and its impacts include reduction in productivity, movement restrictions, screening costs, culling of affected animals, and trade restrictions [49]. Contact your local CDFA Animal Health Branch District Office if you have any questions. Accessibility Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease of cattle. Sort by: Recent Popular. In countries where BTB in cattle is still highly prevalent, pasteurization is not widely practiced and/or milk hygiene is insufficient, it is usually estimated that about 10% to 15% of human tuberculosis is caused by BTB [51]. In developed countries, eradication programs have reduced or eliminated tuberculosis in cattle, and human disease is now rare; however, reservoirs in wildlife can make complete eradication difficult [48]. What are the signs of bovine tuberculosis? Bovine Tuberculosis is known to exist in all parts of the world. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006208. On February 6, 2013 bovine TB was detected in a dairy herd in Tulare County. If the latter is altered naturally or anthropogenetically, wild animals will move elsewhere [25], likely shifting the existing dynamics of the interface. Author summary To establish the circulating genotypes causing human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Northern Algeria, spoligotyping was used to characterize 296 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates of human (n = 115) and bovine (n = 181) origin. In December 2007, Bovine TB was detected during routine slaughter surveillance in a Fresno County dairy cow. and transmitted securely. In Sub- Saharan Africa, nearly 2 million tuberculosis cases in humans occur each year; yet it is unknown what role BTB plays in the rising epidemic of tuberculosis fostered by HIV/AIDS [62]. Epaphras A.M., Gereta E., Lejora I.A., Ole Meingataki G.E., Ngumbi G., Kiwango Y., Mwangomo E., Semanini F., Vitalis L., Balozi J., Mtahiko M.G.G. Mycobacterium bovis - UpToDate TB in humans can be caused by both Mycobacterium bovis and the human form, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In North America, it is estimated that at least 79% of reportable domestic animal diseases have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen and at least 40% are zoonotic [28]. This means that the bacteria, which cause the disease, are mainly passed out of the infected animals body in its breath or in discharges from the nose or mouth. However, substantial evidence suggests that the burden of Mycobacterium bovis, the cause of bovine tuberculosis, might be underestimated in human beings as the cause of zoonotic tuberculosis. Would you like email updates of new search results? Isoniazid resistance has been described before in those who are immunocompromised. [43] showed that a median 2.8% of all TB cases in humans were attributable to M. bovis in Africa, with significant country variations. Bull World Health Organ. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Sci. Because of their close proximity to livestock, pastoralists face high risk of exposure to zoonotic diseases such bovine tuberculosis, many of which are endemic in much of sub-Saharan Africa [67]. PMC Tijani MO, Adesokan HK, Kasali OB, Cadmus SI. in milking buffaloes and cattle in Nepal. Bovine Tuberculosis - State of Michigan Jha V.C., Monta Y., Dhakal M., Besnet B., Sato T., Nagai A., Kato M., Kozawa K., Yamamoto S., Kimura H. Isolation of Mycobacterium spp. In most affected cattle, lesions (granulomas, or "tubercles") are primarily found in the lymph nodes associated with the respiratory system. It will describe M. bovis in humans, domestic animals, and wild animals, and how the disease can be controlled by using an integrated health (One Health) approach. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. If the owner waits two years before restocking, no testing will be required. Unlike M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis infects cattle and causes bovine TB, also known as zoonotic TB. Cattle are considered to be the main host for M. bovis and the disease has considerable economic impact on the agricultural and trade sector [62]. Received 2019 Aug 10; Revised 2019 Nov 7; Accepted 2019 Nov 8. 2020 Sep 9;37:40. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.40.21187. The burden of zoonotic tuberculosis in people needs important reassessment, especially in areas where bovine tuberculosis is endemic and where people live in conditions that favour direct contact with infected animals or animal products. Zoonotic tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis): memorandum from a WHO meeting (with the participation of FAO). Many grazer species favour grazing in old pastoral places where grass cover is rich due to the cattle manure [53]. Mycobacterium bovis is a slow-growing (16- to 20-hour generation time) aerobic bacterium and the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle (known as bovine TB ). Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease of both animals and humans caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of the disease. Nugent G. Maintenance, spillover and spillback transmission of bovine tuberculosis in multi-host wildlife complexes: a New Zealand case study. Similarly, different studies reported the culture of raw milk consumption in Ethiopia as a potential transmission way of M. bovis to humans ( Ameni . Both herd detections followed the diagnosis of TB in a cow during routine slaughter surveillance. In addition, where infected wildlife are a reservoir of disease, there is the potential for ongoing transmission to livestock. It is a major zoonotic disease, and cattle are the main source of infection for humans. Katriina Willgert, Susie . If your pet is diagnosed with TB caused by M. bovis, your vet will notify APHA . Cleaveland S. One Health contributions towards more effective and equitable approaches to health in low- and middle-income countries. On December 7, 2011 a third dairy herd in San Bernardino County, tested because it had contact with the affected herd detected October 7, 2011, was diagnosed with bovine TB. Global prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infections among human Bovine TB, Livestock, Mycobacterium bovis, One health, Somali pastoralists, Wildlife. Bovine tuberculosis, or Mycobacterium bovis, is an infectious disease that affects farm animals such as cattle and pigs, and wild mammals like badgers, foxes and deer. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Untreated infections have the potential to be fatal. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, OIE . Second, infection with bovine TB compromises the health and reduces production in affected cattle; the presence of bovine TB can also result in trade restrictions. What is bovine tuberculosis and what animals does it affect? M. bovis may have transitioned from humans to animals; animal domestication facilitated spread and maintenance in animals [ 2 ], although the strains are remarkably related genetically (99.95 percent) [ 3 ]. OIE . Bovine tuberculosis and its associated risk factors in pastoral and agro-pastoral cattle herds of Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia. Owners can be compensated up to the maximum amount established under the Health of Animals Act. Loss and fragmentation of habitat for pastoral people and wildlife in east Africa: concepts and issues. Rifampicin prophylaxis was given to the exposed case. Disclaimer. Initially, the TB program consisted of area testing, in which approximately 15% of a state's cattle population was tested each year; all herds in the state were tested every six years. Wild animals are susceptible to infection by many of the same pathogens that afflict domestic animals, and transmission between domestic animals and wildlife can occur in both directions. Copyright 2017 World Health Organization. Cattle are susceptible to human type tuberculosis, but lesions of this infection are seldom reported. Cattle herds are tested for bovine tuberculosis in an attempt to stop the spread. Competition between wildlife and livestock in Africa. Any animals with lesions suspicious for TB are not used for human consumption, and undergo further diagnostic testing. The CFIA conducts an investigation to determine if the disease is present. Taylor L.H., Latham S.M., Mark E. Risk factors for human disease emergence. There is interdependence between peoplelivestock wildlife and the environment that requires intersectoral collaboration in BTB control, so that it benefits livestock and wildlife-related economies, people's health and livelihoods, as well as biodiversity conservation. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted This review article focuses on bovine tuberculosis in the Ethiopian Somali Pastoralist. Agricultural Extension Department, Ministry of Agriculture; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: 2001. Copyright 2023 Researchtopics.quest Powered by Customify. Epidemiology of selected mycobacteria that infect humans and other animals. Bovine TB, caused by M. bovis, can be transmitted from livestock to humans and other animals. An individual animal prevalence of 2.0%, 0.4%, and 0.2% was reported in cattle, camels, and goats, respectively. Emerging source of infection - Mycobacterium tuberculosis in rescue B Biol. Bovine TB is a zoonosis, that is, an infection that can be transmitted from affected animals to people, causing a condition similar to human TB. Wildlife reservoirs for bovine tuberculosis. Badger culls: do they stop the spread of bovine TB? A high index of clinical suspicion is needed in symptomatic patients with a history of possible exposure. Indian J Med Res. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Similarly three-fourths of all emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of humans are zoonotic with most originating from wildlife reservoirs (Talor et al [40]). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In 2013, results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of global zoonotic tuberculosis showed that the same challenges and concerns expressed 15 years ago remain valid. The owner is responsible for the cleaning and disinfection of infected premises. Two of the affected herds (for a total of 1,500 cattle) were depopulated, while the other two herds began a "test and removal plan". In a simultaneous human and cattle study in a pastoralist area of south-eastern Ethiopia, out of 163 human Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates three were M. bovis. The bacteria associated with the disease may lie dormant in an infected animal for years without causing clinical signs or progressive disease symptoms. Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease of animals caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, primarily by M. bovis. This pathogen belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, a group of genetically closely related mycobacteria. According to a study conducted in pastoral communities in the northern part of Tanzania, the risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in man are found to be similar in most pastoral settings. 8600 Rockville Pike Bovine tuberculosis has largely been eliminated from developed countries with strong animal disease control programs, but is still a serious zoonotic threat in other areas of the world. However, the presence of the aforementioned animals in different wildlife reserves and even in free ranging forests may have an epidemiological role in the spread of the disease among other wild and domestic animal species [26]. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Currently the risk to the general population in Canada is considered to be very low due to pasteurization of milk and livestock surveillance and testing programs. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Bovine TB primarily affects cattle, however, other animals may become infected. A study done from 2006 to 2008 on the . First, there is a zoonotic risk for individuals consuming raw milk and raw milk products from TB-infected animals. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in animals: Transmission dynamics and control challenges of zoonotic TB in Ethiopia. Gezahegne M., Fekadu A., Yalelet W., Mengistu L., Girmay M., Gunnar B., Gobena A. Broad diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains isolated Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use. MeSH Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) is a bacterial disease of humans and animals. . Pastoralism is a way of life in which food supply is produced from animals by using a variety of herding practices based on constant or partial herd mobility in the low land areas of Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med. Naranjo V., Gortazar C., Vicente J., De La Fuente J. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. M. bovis is most commonly found in cattle and other animals such as bison, elk, and deer. Epub 2018 Dec 31. Office of Int. Once a CFIA inspector has confirmed that the premises have been cleaned and disinfected, the quarantine can be lifted. PDF Bovine Tuberculosis Overview Disease in Animals The Organism - CFSPH 2010 Sep;14(9):1073-4. Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease of both animals and humans. A fourth affected herd was confirmed in a San Bernardino County dairy herd in January 2009. In cattle, it is mainly a respiratory disease but clinical signs are rare. Bookshelf and less commonly in other mammals such as raccoon, opossums, coyotes, and wild boars. Gumi B., Schelling E., Berg S., Firdessa R., Erenso G., Mekonnen W., Hailu E., Melese E., Hussein J., Aseffa A., Zinsstag J. Zoonotic transmission of tuberculosis between pastoralists and their livestock in South-East Ethiopia. 2019 Jan;114:113-118. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.005. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. 2018 Oct 1;158:1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.06.012. In people, M. bovis causes TB disease that can affect the lungs, lymph nodes, and other parts of the body], a bacterial species of the M. tuberculosis complex, is a pathogen that primarily infects cattle. A clear understanding of the relationship between M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and disease in humans and animals has historically been a source of debate. All cattle processed for meat are inspected for bovine TB and rejected for consumption if they show signs of the disease. Report on BCG vaccine use for protection against mycobacterial infections including tuberculosis, leprosy, and other nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections; p. 18. 2023 May 17;10:1086001. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1086001. Rossi G, Shih BB, Egbe NF, Motta P, Duchatel F, Kelly RF, Ndip L, Sander M, Tanya VN, Lycett SJ, Bronsvoort BM, Muwonge A. Zoonotic diseases are responsible for most (60.3%) emergent diseases of humans. Zoonoses - Agriculture - HSE In countries with eradication programs such as Canada, advanced disease is rare as most cases are detected at an early stage when infection typically consists of few or small lesions in the lungs or lymph nodes associated with the respiratory system. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) which can also infect and cause disease in many other mammals including humans, deer, goats, pigs, cats, dogs and badgers. Required fields are marked *. MethodsX. Bovine tuberculosis - WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health Ameni Gobena, Bekele Samson, Tolosa Tadele. Before eradication measures were adopted, bovine TB was one of the major diseases of man and domestic animals. It is related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium which causes tuberculosis in humans. Interspecific transmission of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) at wildlifelivestockhuman interfaces in Africa. What is bovine tuberculosis in humans Infection is mainly through inhalation or ingestion of the bacteria. One Health can be defined as any added value in terms of health of humans and animals, financial savings or environmental services achievable by the cooperation of human and veterinary medicine when compared to the two medicines working separately [63]. Initial symptoms of bovine TB disease may include a Therefore, M. tuberculosis infection in dogs may be termed an 'anthropozoonosis' . Replacement animals will be subject to two annual negative herd tests. Clinical symptoms are similar to other forms of TB. Bovine TB disease can cause permanent damage and possibly death. Mycobacterium bovis at the animal-human interface: a problem, or not? Before One of them had the same spacer spoligotype as strains isolated from cattle in the same study area [24]. Any granulomas suspected of being M. bovis granulomas are sent to an approved laboratory for further evaluation. More information on the disease and testing of live animals can be found in the Resources links. Petronillah R., Sichewo Anita L., Michel O., Jolly M., Eric M.C. Presence and abundance of wildlife species is also affected by the vegetation cover [42]. On September 18, 2008, the USDA downgraded California's bovine TB status from Accredited Free to Modified Accredited Advanced. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The incidence is higher in farmers, abattoir workers and others who work with cattle. Most often, infected cattle will show little to no outward signs of infection. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Mycobacterium bovis is an example of a pathogen shared at the humanlivestockwildlife interface [4].