Pressure on the aquaculture industry to embrace comprehensive sustainability measures during this 20-year period have improved the governance, technology, siting, and management in many cases. Ytrestyl, T., Aas, T. S. & sgrd, T. Utilisation of feed resources in production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. Aquacult. Nat. Infectious diseases in oyster aquaculture require a new integrated approach. This paper, the original study that motivated this 20-year retrospective Review, provides an analysis of the use of wild fish in aquafeeds and the contribution of fed aquaculture to the net balance of seafood supplies. Aquacult. Nature 588, 95100 (2020). Vogt, M.) 157178 (Taylor & Francis, 2019). Environ. Jonell, M., Tlusty, M., Troell, M. & Rnnbck, P. Sustainability Certification Schemes in the Agricultural and Natural Resource Sectors (ed. The increasing share of plant-based ingredients in mariculture feed types, coupled with the steady growth in feed use in freshwater aquaculture, has led to a new set of controversies surrounding resource use and the environmental effects of terrestrial crop production for aquafeed. Google Scholar. Higher production is driven by expanded aquaculture production, which grew 2.8 percent in 2020 to 52.24 MMT and is expected to grow 1.2 percent in 2021. Aquatic plants are listed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under aquatic plants NEI and are underreported given the informal nature of the harvests for household and local consumption. The culture of both molluscs and seaweedis increasingly recognized for its ecosystem services; however, the quantification, valuation, and market development of these services remain rare. She was on the Scientific Advisory Board for the Aquaculture Stewardship Council between 2017 and 2019. Change 8, 123143 (2008). Garlock, T. et al. Chinas aquaculture and the worlds wild fisheries. Gui, J. F., Tang, Q., Li, Z., Liu, J. First, over-intensification, particularly in cage aquaculture, has created problems of nutrient pollution and pathogen-related production declines in areas with unconstrained growth, such as Lake Taal, The Philippines36. The previously published review of aquaculture and world fish supplies1 calculated a global FIFO for fed aquaculture species of 1.9 using 1997 data (FIFO by species group was 2.81 for shrimp, 5.16 for marine fish, 3.16 for salmon, 2.46 for trout, 4.69 for eels, and below 1.0 for all freshwater fish). Greater use of trimmings in fishmeal has been documented, in particular, in feed formulations for salmon production in Norway55 and for shrimp and catfish production in Thailand44. Kaminski, A. M. et al. Estuar. In addition, ocean acidification affects shellfish production, mainly at the larval life stage, and is managed through adjustments in pH within the hatchery161. PubMed This paper challenges the emerging view that aquaculture primarily benefits wealthy populations and shows that aquaculture improves food security for top producing low- and middle-income countries. SOURCE: FAO. One Earth 1, 316329 (2019). FAO. Reid, G. K. et al. Rev. Trans. Bivalves also provide important benthic and coastal ecosystem functions. For most high-value and widely traded species, there have been substantial advances in PPP identification, diagnosis, and treatment over the past 20years, derived in part from innovations in agriculture and human medicine131,132,134,135. Sci. Although farmed salmon remain a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, replacing fish oil with terrestrial oils lowers the omega-3 content in fillets63. Thomas, L. R., Clavelle, T., Klinger, D. H. & Lester, S. E. The ecological and economic potential for offshore mariculture in the Caribbean. J. Sprague, M., Dick, J. R. & Tocher, D. R. Impact of sustainable feeds on omega-3 long-chain fatty acid levels in farmed Atlantic salmon, 20062015. Sustain. Create your account View this answer Aquaculture can affect the worldwide seafood catch in both positive and. Contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to food security and poverty reduction: assessing the current evidence. A number of assumptions were made in these calculations as SFW does not recognize a number of species certified by ASC and GAA. Curr. Gentry, R. R. et al. Aquaculture production - Food and Agriculture Organization Sci. The role of freshwater systems has gained attention in part because advances in feed technology and breeding, particularly for salmon and shrimp, are addressing earlier concerns regarding the effects of aquaculture on wild-capture fisheries. 4, 7593 (2012). Fish Fish. Toufique, K. A. Front. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins (2023). The use of therapeutantschemical substances used to prevent and treat pathogensincluding antimicrobials, has become a common practice in many aquaculture systems140. Wells, M. L. et al. Aquaculture 493, 376383 (2018). These ratings are involuntary and based on broad-scale assessments at the sector or regional level. Feed Sci. 15, 19171942 (2013). A few major exceptions include Chinas success in cultivating alginate-bearing seaweeds (Saccharina japonica, also known as Laminaria japonica) and the expansion of agar-bearing seaweed aquaculture (Gracilaria) at scale. This file contains a list of references, including peer-reviewed articles, reports, and weblinks, that were used in the Review but not cited due to space constraints. A number of assumptions were made in these calculations as SFW does not recognize a number of species certified by ASC and GAA. Stentiford, G. D. et al. 2 Global forage fish landings (19502017) for 315 species. In the absence of reliable data, the incidence and management of PPP throughout the global aquaculture industry is and will remain highly unpredictable. 24, 136152 (2016). New tools, including high-throughput technologies (metabolomics and proteomics), RNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and whole-genome sequencing, have been used since 2000 to detect and mitigate these problems67. & Little, D. C. in World Small-Scale Fisheries: Contemporary Visions (ed. Sci. Blue arrows show the flows of aquatic products from freshwater and marine systems, including wild fish used as fishmeal and fish oil in animal feeds. Lavaud, R., Guyondet, T., Filgueira, R., Tremblay, R. & Comeau, L. A. Modelling bivalve culture - eutrophication interactions in shallow coastal ecosystems. Wilberg, M. J., Livings, M. E., Barkman, J. S., Morris, B. T. & Robinson, J. M. Overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and potential extirpation of oysters in upper Chesapeake Bay. Manage. Aquacult. Three key patterns emerge in this Review. Naylor, R. L. et al. Aquaculture 490, 6474 (2018). Rep. 10, 4678 (2020). Environmental Best Management Practices for Aquaculture (Wiley-Blackwell, 2008). ADS The global production of farmed molluscs grew at an annual rate of 3.5% between 2000 and 2017, which is lower than that of farmed fish (5.7%) and crustaceans (9.9%)3. For instance, ocean acidification, which makes it difficult for shellfish larvae to grow their shells, caused a near disaster for the Pacific Northwest shellfish industry in 2008 when oyster larvae production in two major hatcheries collapsed. Field studies show that productivity gains from non-fed, often exotic carp have generally been achieved in low-input systems while maintaining or enhancing nutrient balances and the biodiversity of indigenous species45. Offshore environments present a range of operational challenges (for example, water depth, strong currents and waves, and storms), which have induced several new design approaches180. Surplus volumes were added to certification and subtracted from ratings for the different regions. Urbanization has increasingly shifted the demand from subsistence to marketed fish25. Some seaweed systems receive additional fertilizers, for example, in low-nutrient coastal zones, although fertilization is regulated in Japan and South Korea115. These can include land-based tanks filled with fish, man-made stock ponds, and. Almost all freshwater and marine aquaculture systems interact with the ambient aquatic environment and both benefit from and provide environmental services to the ambient environment as a result. Mar. Aquacult. Little, D. C. et al. Nat. 67, 166176 (2019). Bush, S. R., Belton, B., Little, D. C. & Islam, M. S. Emerging trends in aquaculture value chain research. BMC Vet. 5). 23, 10181029 (2018). Rico, A. et al. Change Biol. Improving feed efficiency in fish using selective breeding: a review. 138, 7082 (2017). The production of fish oil declined from around 1.5 to 1.0Mt and has been stable around 1.0Mt during the past decade49,50,51. Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution and state of the art emphasizing seaweed biofiltration in modern mariculture. Seaweed production: overview of the global state of exploitation, farming and emerging research activity. Scientific knowledge surrounding freshwater aquaculture and local resource use is extensive, especially in an Asian context. Kim, G. H., Moon, K.-H., Kim, J.-Y., Shim, J. 58, 681688 (2016). and M.T. Tlusty, M. F. & Tausig, H. Reviewing GAA-BAP shrimp farm data to determine whether certification lessens environmental impacts. Food 1, 301308 (2020). Is aquaculture pro-poor? 8, 191199 (2016). 11, 119132 (2019). Google Scholar. Sustain. Aquaculture 356357, 3039 (2012). 11, 10451060 (2019). Aspirations to improve the environmental and social performance of aquaculture practices and technologies have led to the emergence of new combinations of public and private regulation, codes and standards187; however, the application of these governance instruments has struggled to match the expanded geographies, volumes, and diversity of aquaculture systems188. Policy 34, 815820 (2010). Proc. She is also on the Scientific Advisory Board for Oceana and is the President of the Board of Directors for the Aspen Global Change Institute. Such science-led disease management options remain largely unavailable for many low-value aquaculture species and low-income regions owing to a lack of product development and prohibitive costs. Dalsgaard, J. et al. The role of China notwithstanding, the aquaculture sector has become increasingly global, with growth rates in South America and Africa exceeding Asia during the past two decades (albeit from a much smaller production base), and with relatively rapid expansion in South and Southeast Asia compared to East Asia3,15,16. China remains the world's largest seafood producer, with 2020 production up by 1.1 percent to 65.49 million metric tons (MMT) and 2021 production forecast to reach 66 MMT. Prudent siting is required, however, to avoid conflicts with other marine uses and to ensure the effective dilution of wastes, particularly for large-scale systems181. Rising demand will probably place pressure on natural resources and feed prices. This paper provides the first model-based estimate of the scale of total nutrient release from aquaculture to the freshwater and marine environment in China. Tacon, A. G. J. Gjedrem, T. & Rye, M. Selection response in fish and shellfish: a review. Both certification and consumer guides have now started shifting to hybrid forms of governance190, which integrate private assessment tools into spatial management units that are managed in collaboration with buyers and states198. PubMed Central Like molluscan aquaculture, seaweed culture is widely recognized for its ecosystem service values beyond the provision of food and feed, yet producers have not been able to capture this value in financial returns114. Sci. Technol. Hughes, A. D. & Black, K. D. Going beyond the search for solutions: understanding trade-offs in European integrated multi-trophic aquaculture development. Aquaculture 101 is an educational campaign that the GSA is carrying out throughout 2019. 24, 89578966 (2017). The seafood that you find at your local grocery store is likely labeled as farmed fish. ADS Sci. A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6. J. Shellfish Res. Swartz, W., Schiller, L., Sumaila, U. R. & Ota, Y. Searching for market-based sustainability pathways: challenges and opportunities for seafood certification programs in Japan. Klinger, D. & Naylor, R. Searching for solutions in aquaculture: charting a sustainable course. Nutrient removal from Chinese coastal waters by large-scale seaweed aquaculture. Overfishing endangers ocean ecosystems and the billions of people who rely on seafood as a key source of protein. Prices for fishmeal and fish oil have more than doubled during the 2000s and have remained consistently higher than plant-based alternatives since 2012 (Extended Data Fig. IOP Conf. Mar. Give a man a fishpond: modeling the impacts of aquaculture in the rural economy. Article 6 Proportion of aquaculture that is certified and rated by commodity group. The uneven implementation of government regulation has led to regional disparities in production, growth and system design. Bivalves filter large volumes of water daily, and their abilities and impacts are species- and area-specific82,84,92. Sustainability 8, 333 (2016). Continued growth in the sector has important implications for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. For example, the aquaculture industry in Thailand transitioned from black tiger shrimp to whiteleg shrimp, largely because of problems with infectious diseases, specifically white spot disease and monodon slow growth syndrome138,139. A major focus of the previous aquaculture review1 was the increasing proportion of annual fishmeal and fish oil production for aquaculture feed, and the consequent potential future impacts on wild forage fish landings and stocks as well as marine ecosystems. Xiao, X. et al. Sustain. Climate change influences on marine infectious diseases: implications for management and society. Aquacult. & Le Gallic, B. Little, D. C. & Bunting, S. W. in Emerging Technologies for Promoting Food Security: Overcoming the World Food Crisis (ed. Governments have facilitated aquaculture expansion in many Asian countries, Norway, and Chile, whereas in other regionsincluding the European Union and USAgovernments have constrained growth15. Belton, B., Bush, S. R. & Little, D. C. Not just for the wealthy: rethinking farmed fish consumption in the Global South. Fisheries COVID-19 Updates Sustainable seafood is wild-caught or farmed seafood that is harvested or produced in ways that protect the long-term health of species populations and ecosystems. Status and future perspectives of vaccines for industrialised fin-fish farming. Filgueira, R. et al. Paradigm changes in freshwater aquaculture practices in China: moving towards achieving environmental integrity and sustainability. 54, 14641474 (2020). Pathogens, parasites, and pests (PPP) are a chronic risk for the aquaculture sector, and the intensification of production and increased trade and supply chain integration since 2000 have amplified these risks130. Three main patterns of aquaculture development have characterized the sector as it matured: continued growth in the volume and value chains of freshwater aquaculture; advances in fish nutrition, genetics, and alternative types of feed that reduce the use of wild fish in aquafeed formulations; and expanded culture of extractive bivalves and seaweeds with the potential to provide a wide range of food, industrial, and ecosystem services. Soc. ADS is a member of the Standards Oversight Committee of the Global Aquaculture Alliance, the Multi-Stakeholder Group of Monterey Bay Aquariums Seafood Watch programme, the Technical Advisory Committee of the Good Fish Foundation in the Netherlands, and the Technical Advisory Committee of the Aquaculture Program of the Sustainable Trade Initiative (IDH). Green technology in green macroalgal biorefineries. Molluscan aquaculture includes approximately 65 reported species, mainly bivalves (clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels)3. For example, between 2000 and 2016, the Norwegian salmon aquaculture industry cut its shares of marine protein in feed from 33.5% to 14.5% and marine oils from 31.1% to 10.4%, and increased the shares of plant proteins from 22.2% to 40.3% and terrestrial oils from 0 to 20.2%76. led, and R.W.H., A.H.B., S.R.B., L.C., D.H.K., D.C.L., J.L., S.E.S. Brudeseth, B. E. et al. has received in-kind and financial support from a wide range of commercial and non-commercial entities, serves as a committee member for standards organizations and is a director of a commercial tilapia hatchery in Thailand. volume591,pages 551563 (2021)Cite this article, A Publisher Correction to this article was published on 06 July 2021, An Author Correction to this article was published on 26 April 2021. Vulnerability of Chinas nearshore ecosystems under intensive mariculture development. By filtering phytoplankton and accumulating nitrogen and phosphorous, they remove nutrients from the ambient environment when harvested. Shelf Sci. However, this growth has been largely outside of the United States. Similarly, despite the shift from black tiger shrimp to whiteleg shrimp, emerging diseases such as white spot disease, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus, and the microsporidian parasite (Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei) have resulted in substantial production losses and sustained economic costs to the shrimp industry136,151,152,153. This paper reviews potentialadaptation strategies for reducing climate-inducedimpacts on the aquaculture sector. The sustainability conundrum of fishmeal substitution by plant ingredients in shrimp feeds. Globally, aquaculture produced 82.1 million tonnes of aquatic animals in 2018, and wild fisheries produced 97 million tonnes, according to the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization . Harmful algal blooms and climate change: learning from the past and present to forecast the future. Understanding Marine Aquaculture | NOAA Fisheries Overfishing: The most serious threat to our oceans World Aquacult. Google Scholar. Res. Int. Pelletier, N., Klinger, D. H., Sims, N. A., Yoshioka, J. R. & Kittinger, J. N. Nutritional attributes, substitutability, scalability, and environmental intensity of an illustrative subset of current and future protein sources for aquaculture feeds: joint consideration of potential synergies and trade-offs. Int. Natl Acad. & Thilsted, S. H. Fisheries in transition: food and nutrition security implications for the Global South. Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture: Synthesis of Current Knowledge, Adaptation and Mitigation Options. The aquaculture industry has responded to PPP pressures in recent decades using a variety of approaches. R. Soc. Once a pathogen, parasite, or pest is widely recognized in a given system, avoidance through biosecurity is the primary management action available to most aquaculture producers136. Flegel, T. W. A future vision for disease control in shrimp aquaculture. Such flexibility is needed to support the abilities of industries, governments, and non-government organizations to innovate while still providing clear end points and requirements for monitoring, reporting, transparency, and accountability. Google Scholar. Science 320, 784786 (2008). However, the net increase of 2.3 million tonnes in the same period was comparable to some years in the last decade. 2, 17451750 (2018). Ferreira, J. G. & Bricker, S. in Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves (eds Smaal, A. C. et al.) Aquacult. Aquaculture Asian Fish. At the time, the. Data from the Seafood Watch Sustainability of Global Seafood Data portal collating volumes certified from the Aquaculture Stewardship Council(ASC) (2020) and Global Aquaculture Alliance(GAA) (2020) and rated volumes from Seafood Watch(SFW) (2020). Government regulations have constrained commercial development of offshore aquaculture, particularly in the USA and European Union, because of public controversy regarding its interactions with the marine environment, potential ecological damage, and competing uses of ocean and natural resources185,186. The development of aquaculture in small- to medium-scale commercial enterprises in South and Southeast Asia has helped to alleviate rural poverty, through direct benefits to consumers and other value chain participants21,32 and broader spillover benefits to labour and livelihoods in adjacent industries33. Clim. Edwards, P. Aquaculture environment interactions: past, present and likely future trends. & Bouwman, A. F. Aquaculture production is a large, spatially concentrated source of nutrients in Chinese freshwater and coastal seas. Climate-driven losses to aquaculture productivity and livelihoods stem mainly from suboptimal growing temperatures, sea-level rise (saltwater intrusion), infrastructure damage, droughts and freshwater shortages, and rising feed costs associated with lower crop yields and forage fish landings156,160. The certification estimates may be overestimated as it was not possible to distinguish overlap between GAA- and ASC-certified volumes. 52, 55325544 (2018). Bacterial and viral outbreaks are especially high in intensively farmed seaweed systems, where disease management can account for up to 50% of farm-variable costs106,121. Boopathy, R. in Sustainable Aquaculture (eds Hai, F. I et al.) 37, 727746 (2018). Science 347, 133135 (2015). Fishmeal and fish oil remain important ingredients of fish feed, suppling essential nutrients to support larval and fry performance and survival, but are now used at lower percentages in grow-out, broodstock, and finishing feeds. Socio-ecological resilience of mangrove-shrimp models under various threats exacerbated from salinity intrusion in coastal area of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages. Climate change and aquaculture: considering adaptation potential. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Rev. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the factors that affect species and system utilization in global aquaculture. 13, 11051120 (2018). How does aquaculture impact society? The farmed (live-weight) production of fish and shellfish had almost tripled from 10million tonnes (Mt) in 1987 to 29Mt in 1997, and roughly 300species of animals, plants, and algae were being cultivated worldwide2. Pathol. As ingredients in aquaculture feed, fishmeal and fish oil supply essential amino acids and fatty acids reflected in the normal diet of fish. Holdt, S. L. & Kraan, S. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. Fish. S.R.B. They are parasitic flatworms that attach to the lining of their. Many terrestrial feed ingredients for aquaculture are by-products, such as oilseed protein concentrates extracted from the processing of food products, or protein meals and oils recovered from the processing of livestock and seafood (including aquaculture)43,59. Effective multivalent vaccines have also been introduced for some high-value species such as salmon and trout146, and show promise for replication in marine species aquaculture if efficient and cost-effective delivery systems (for example, oral or immersion) can be developed147. Article Production in each group is dominated by a small number of species but each group also contains high diversity. Meanwhile, fishmeal inclusion rates dropped for these species to 12%, and there is almost no fish oil used in most types of freshwater aquafeed. Harmful algal blooms are increasing globally with respect to frequency, magnitude, duration, geographical ranges, and species composition, and are driven largely by anthropogenic processes98. & Little, D. The development of aquaculture in central Thailand: domestic demand versus export-led production. Algae 29, 249265 (2014). The global production of aquatic plants and algae has tripled from 10Mt of wet biomass in 2000 to more than 32Mt in 2017, with aquaculture contributing more than 97% of the current volume17,106. is on the Standards Oversight Committee of the Global Aquaculture Alliance. Aquacult. fsz183 (2019). 7, 733743 (2017). & Wilson, R. W. Lessons from two high CO2 worlds future oceans and intensive aquaculture. Destructive habitat conversion, particularly by shrimp farming in mangrove ecosystems raised in the previous review1, has declined markedly since 2000127,128. 1b) and represent the third area of aquaculture development. Sci. Aquacult. World Ecol. Roughly one-third of the Chinese domestic fish catch comprises low-valued fish (89% juveniles) that are used mainly in aquaculture feeds57. Rev. One Earth 3, 3244 (2020). Can aquaculture overcome its sustainability challenges? Metian, M., Troell, M., Christensen, V., Steenbeek, J. Dillehay, T. D. et al. Peer review information Nature thanks Peter Edwards, Adam Hughes, Fabrice Pernet, Grant Stentiford and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. The aquaculture industry has become increasingly vulnerable to these stressors given its rapid expansion, its reliance on the ambient environment, and the changing world in which all food systems operate43,129. World Dev. In 2015, 92 million tons of wild species were harvested worldwide - the same amount as in 1995. A global blue revolution: aquaculture growth across regions, species, and countries.