[68], Policy goals in a military dictatorship are rarely organized, preventing a regime from implementing policies and programs with a clear objective. Many members of the junta are currently in prison for crimes against humanity and genocide. Ramn Camps told Clarn in 1984 that he had used torture as an interrogation method and orchestrated 5,000 forced disappearances. Srie B. Amrique 19521963. [32], In 2003, Congress repealed the Pardon Laws, and in 2005 the Argentine Supreme Court ruled they were unconstitutional. In a 1976 declassified memorandum from the U.S. Department of State, it is stated the importance to let President Videla the "adverse effect revelation of the assassination scheme will have on Argentina efforts to obtain loans and otherwise come up with solutions for improving its economy". a government, especially a military one, that has taken power in a country by force and not by election: The military junta has/have today broadcast an appeal for calm. Documents Declassified on Dirty War Atrocities, [Department of State report, "Next Steps in Argentina", "In late 1979, Amnesty International accused the Videla government of continuing to hold 3,000 political prisoners and of being responsible for the disappearance of 15,000 to 20,000 citizens since the 1976 coup.". [98] In 1979, security forces violently arrested and threatened the members of this group, made up predominantly of mothers who held weekly silent demonstrations in the capital's main square for over two years to demand justice for their disappeared children. In, History of civil-military relations in Southeast Asia, Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification, Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships, List of political leaders who held active military ranks in office, "External Territorial Threats and Military Regimes", "On the peaceful disposition of military dictatorships", "The Tinpot and the Totalitarian: An Economic Theory of Dictatorship", "Why Do Military Regimes Institutionalize? [28][12][10] With the help of Washington,[29] the junta was aided with $50million in military aid. During Holy Week (Semana Santa) in April 1987, Lieutenant Colonel Aldo Rico (commander of the 18th Infantry Regiment in Misiones province) and several junior army officers barricaded themselves in the Campo de Mayo army barracks. Accessed 1 Jul. What does military junta mean? definition, meaning and audio [57][58] Extreme right-wing death squads used their hunt for far-left guerrillas as a pretext to exterminate any and all ideological opponents on the left and as a cover for common crimes. [9] Skilled civilians may be given significant positions in an otherwise military-controlled government, but they are subject to the wishes of the military. Argentine military and security forces also created paramilitary death squads, operating behind "fronts" as supposedly independent units. [102] To maintain power, the military organized the Democratic Republican Party to hold political power after nominally returning to civilian government in 1963. [4] Civilianization occurs when a junta publicly ends its obviously military features, but continues its dominance. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. During the Battle of Algiers, the police forces were put under the authority of the Army. Junta (Habsburg), an administrative body that ruled in personal union with the Spanish Habsburgs. junto. In 1994, President Carlos Menem praised the military in their "fight against subversion". Atilio Lpez, General Secretary of the CGT of Crdoba and former Vice Governor of the Province, was assassinated in Buenos Aires on 16 September 1974. When international opponents prompt stronger national defense, a military is more likely to comply with a civilian government, as the civilian government is likely to provide for the military. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. In 1978, former secretary Kissinger was feted by the "dirty war" generals as a much touted guest of honor at the World Cup soccer matches held in Argentina. [206], This article is about the conflict in Argentina. JUNTA | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary [36], The program of extermination of dissidents was referred to as genocide by a court of law for the first time during the trial of Miguel Etchecolatz, a former senior official of the Buenos Aires Provincial Police.[33]. junta; military junta Hypernyms ("military junta" is a kind of. Early study focused extensively on what caused military dictatorships. 'Hill took a personal interest.' The Society of Pius-X has four monasteries in Argentina, the largest one in La Reja. In the case of Dlmine Siderca, a CDC had been installed next to the factory, connected through a door. [43] Following democratization, a civilian government is immediately faced with the issue of military regulation and to establish civilian control of the military. [citation needed], In December 1976, 22 captured Montoneros responsible for the death of General Cceres Moni and the attack on the Argentine Army 29th Mountain Infantry Regiment[95] were tortured and executed during the massacre of Margarita Beln in the military Chaco Province, for which Videla would be found guilty of homicide during the 1985 Trial of the Juntas, in addition to the guilty verdicts against Cristino Nicolaides, junta leader Leopoldo Galtieri and Santa Fe Provincial Police chief Wenceslao Ceniquel. Military dictatorship saw a resurgence during the Cold War with new military dictatorships being established in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the 1960s. [9] The Cold War caused a surge in military dictatorships, as both the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc tolerated military regimes that promised stability, and both supported regime change against those that did not. The Dirty War (Spanish: Guerra sucia) is the name used by the military junta or civic-military dictatorship of Argentina (Spanish: dictadura cvico-militar de Argentina) for the period of state terrorism[12][10][13] in Argentina[14][15] from 1974 to 1983 as a part of Operation Condor, during which military and security forces and death squads in the form of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA, or Triple A)[16] hunted down any political dissidents and anyone believed to be associated with socialism, left-wing Peronism, or the Montoneros movement. [205] In addition, during his 2016 visit to Argentina, President Obama said that the United States "was too slow" to condemn human rights atrocities during the military junta years but stopped short of apologizing for Washington's early support for the military government. [7] Insurgencies sometimes grant military titles to their leaders, but they do not adopt the structure of a true military. SMART Vocabulary : mots et locutions associs Systems of government a reign of terror idiom absolutism ancien rgime anti-federalist apartheid democratically democratization Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina, Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, [Argentina: Secret U.S. Juntas Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster [3], In 1967, the military of Greece seized power with the stated intention of ending corruption and demagoguery. A vast majority of those who were killed disappeared without a trace and no record of their fate. : What Argentina's Dirty War Can Teach Us", "Megacausa ESMA: perpetua para Alfredo Astiz y Jorge "Tigre" Acosta por crmenes de lesa humanidad", "Lesa humanidad: en 2016 se dictaron 136 condenas en juicios orales en todo el pas", "Pgina/12:: El pas:: La participacin civil en la dictadura", "Prohibicin de elementos de afirmacin ideolgica o de propaganda peronista. 2023. The balance of power in a military dictatorship depends on the dictator's ability to maintain the approval of the military through concessions and appeasement while using force to repress opposition. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. Apart from Le Monde, French newspapers did not report this request. That year on the 30th anniversary of the coup, a huge crowd filled the streets to remember what happened during the military government and ensure it did not happen again. According to witnesses, the center at Mercedes Benz was led by the racing driver Juan Manuel Fangio. ", "The School of the Americas: Class over? Modern military dictatorship developed in Latin America during the 19th century, and it further developed in Europe during the early-20th century. [96] Many African militaries traditionally saw themselves as guardians that oversaw the nation, intervening when civilian government exerted authority over the military. The monarch was again replaced with a relative to serve as a figurehead, and a series of military officers ruled over the Goryeo military regime as they sought to undermine and seize power from one another. Their advance to the Monte Caseros barracks was slowed by rain and reports that rebel soldiers had laid mines which had wounded three loyal officers. [43][65], By 1976, Operation Condor was at its height. [86] Some reformist military dictatorships also existed at this time, maintaining popular support by appealing to labor groups and the working class. [6] Secret, May 1983, Mothers and Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, Department of State report, "Next Steps in Argentina," Secret, January 26, 1979, ARA Monthly Report (July) "The 'Third World War' and South America" August 3, 1976, Conversation with Argentine Intelligence Source, April 7, 1980, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, International Military Education and Training, The Little School: Tales of Disappearance & Survival in Argentina, Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships, "Part 2: The Mechanisms of Violence Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America", The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War, The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy, "Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia", "Las vctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", "El ex lder de los Montoneros entona un "mea culpa" parcial de su pasado", "Cedema.org - Viendo: A 32 aos de la cada en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho y la Direccin Histrica del PRT-ERP", "Resistencia Anticapitalista Libertaria "Autodefensa, Clasismo y Poder popular en anarquismo argentino de los 70s", The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World, "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America", "Reappearing the disappeared of Operation Condor", "Kissinger backed dirty war against left in Argentina", "El principal sostn del programa econmico de Martnez de Hoz", "Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism", "Argentina's Dirty War Alicia Patterson Foundation", "Anthropology at War? Military junta Definition und Bedeutung | Collins Wrterbuch This generalization of state terror tactics has been explained in part by the information received by the Argentine military in the infamous School of Americas and also by French instructors from the secret services, who taught them "counter-insurgency" tactics first experimented during the Algerian War (19541962). If you can finish before Congress gets back, the better. [127][128], The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo is the best-known Argentine human rights organization. [13] Though approximately half of dictatorships hold unfair elections to consolidate power, military dictatorships are less likely to do so, with less than one quarter of military dictatorships holding elections. In Algeria. Introduction. junta (dnt , hnt ) countable noun [with singular or plural verb] A junta is a military government that has taken power by force, and not through elections. [92] The individuals who suddenly vanished are called los desaparecidos, meaning "the missing ones" or "disappeared". [1], The risk assessment process for military officers considering dictatorial rule is distinct from that of other potential dictators. Junta. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/junta. junta in American English. [38], As authoritarian regimes, military dictatorships depend on the restriction of democracy to retain power. Argentina under Juan Pern was the most prominent of these, though other examples of reformist militarism occurred in this period, including in Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser and Portugal under the Armed Forces Movement. The Dirty War (Spanish: Guerra sucia) is the name used by the military junta or civic-military dictatorship of Argentina (Spanish: dictadura cvico-militar de Argentina) for the period of state terrorism in Argentina from 1974 to 1983 as a part of Operation Condor, during which military and security forces and death squads in the form of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA, or Triple A . [count] : a military group controlling a government after taking control of it by force. [190], In 2007, President Cristina Kirchner continued prosecution of military and security officers responsible for the "disappearances". [53] The motivations of the military are often different from that of other rulers in dictatorships. The National Security Archive Even when the United States refused to call the conflict between these South American countries and the subversive groups a 'Third World War', according to the Memorandum, it was important for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay egos, salaries, and their equipment-budgets to believe in this 'Third World War'. The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. [160] UMP deputy Roland Blum, in charge of the commission, refused to let Marie-Monique Robin testify on this topic. [101] As of 2023, Africa is the only continent that sees regular military coups. [22] Military dictatorships struggle to build support through mass political participation or a partisan apparatus, which limits the ability for a regime to establish a stable long-term government. The politicization of the military introduces further weakness into the military as a means of projecting power, as officers are often in political conflict with one another at the expense of the soldiers under their command. [158], Antonio Caggiano, archbishop of Buenos Aires from 1959 to 1975, wrote a prologue to Jean Ousset's 1961 Spanish version of Le Marxisme-lninisme. [64] Other military dictators have avoided demonstrating their allegiance to the military by dressing in civilian clothes and removing their military ranks so as to invoke the legitimacy of a civilian government. Gastn Chillier, of the Cels human rights group said "There are documents from six or seven different US intelligence agencies. [68][69], There were also some companies complicit in crimes against humanity. 2. Such measures have had mixed success. [156], U.S. corporations such as Ford Motor Company and Citibank also collaborated with the junta in the repression and disappearance of workers active in unions. Others, such as Wilson Ferreira Aldunate escaped death. LONDON, Jun 23 2023 (IPS) - The violence keeps coming in Myanmar, under military rule since February 2021. The government, presided temporarily by provisional president of the Senate talo Luder from the Peronist party, replacing Isabel (who was ill for a short period), issued three decrees, 2770, 2771 and 2772. [51] In some cases, military officers may be pressured to retire from the military upon taking power, limiting their ability to control military promotions and postings while ruling as dictator. [117] Among them was future President Carlos Menem, who between 1976 and 1981 had been a political prisoner.[118]. Hill did this although Kissinger aides told him that if he continued, Kissinger would likely have him fired. [194] According to a secret cable from DINA (Chilean secret police) in Buenos Aires, an estimate by the Argentine 601st Intelligence Battalion in mid-July 1978, which started counting victims in 1975, gave the figure of 22,000 persons this document was first published by John Dinges in 2004. Military junta - definition of military junta by The Free Dictionary [158], After release of her documentary film Escadrons de la mort, l'cole franaise in 2003 which explored the French connection with South American nations, Robin said in an interview with L'Humanit newspaper: "French have systematized a military technique in urban environment which would be copied and pasted to Latin American dictatorships". Prior to the 1976 coup, the Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, otherwise known as Triple A, was another far right group which provoked many deaths and installed methods that continued to be used by the dictatorship. Early military dictatorships existed in post-classical Asia, including military leaders in Korea and Japan. a small group ruling a country, especially immediately after a coup d'tat and before a legally constituted government has been instituted. [10] All of these factors are aggravated in countries with significant natural resources, as these provide an additional incentive for the military to seize power. In February 1975, Isabel Pern signed the secret presidential decree 261, which ordered the army to illegally neutralize and/or "annihilate" the insurgency in Tucumn, the smallest province in Argentina. Democracies borne from military dictatorships typically have higher homicide rates than those of other democracies. Caridi ordered several army units to suppress the rebellion. "It sickened me," said Patricia Derian, the Mississippi civil rights crusader who became President Jimmy Carter's State Department point person on human rights, after Hill reported to her Kissinger's real role, "that with an imperial wave of his hand, an American could sentence people to death on the basis of a cheap whim. He had been the spiritual guide of the Organisation arme secrte (OAS), the pro-French Algeria terrorist movement founded in Franquist Spain. Military dictatorship - Wikipedia [5] The military is well-equipped to seek and maintain political power, as it is often more modernized than other institutions in a given country, with access to resources and training not available to civil leaders. Military regimes are generally independent from special interests and have no allegiance to any particular social class, as the military is its own institution with competing interests among its members. Tags for the entry "military junta". junta juntas When a government is overthrown, the coalition or group that forms and takes control is called a junta. [191], In February 2010, a German court issued an international arrest warrant for former dictator Jorge Videla in connection with the death of 20-year-old Rolf Stawowiok in Argentina. CIA research paper, "Insurgent Success and Failure: Selected Case Studies." Few military dictatorships exist in the 21st century, and they are virtually nonexistent outside of Africa and Southeast Asia. [26], Individual military dictators become more secure as they spend more time in office, as they are able to shift power away from military institutions by creating civilian and paramilitary forces to keep them in check. [54] In 1976, Enrique Aroza Garay of German-owned Borgward automobile factory and a Chrysler executive were killed. [137], The United States was also a key provider of economic and military assistance to the Videla regime during the earliest and most intense phase of the repression. military junta - Meaning in Malayalam - Shabdkosh According to historian Servetto, "the Peronist right thus stimulated the intervention of security forces to resolve internal conflicts of Peronism".[41]. Junta Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com The military structure provides stability for such a government, as officers have effective control over their subordinates and can bargain on their behalf. Operativo Independencia granted power to the armed forces to "execute all military operations necessary for the effects of neutralizing or annihilating the action of subversive elements acting in the Province of Tucumn". Known as the 1973 Ezeiza massacre, this event marked the split between left-wing and right-wing factions of Peronism. In Italy, a giunta is the civil executive of regions (see Regions of Italy#Institutions) and of municipalities (comune, see Comune#Importance and function). Townley declared that the pamphlets were distributed in Mendoza and Crdoba together with false flag bombings perpetrated by SIDE agents. The total number of people who were detained for long periods was 8,625. Both were small and quickly defeated. Hear a word and type it out. [80][81][82][83][84][85][86], In September 1978, a group of businessmen, among whom were Ernestina Herrera de Noble and Hector Magnetto from Grupo Clarn and Bartolom Luis Mitre from La Nacin, along with members of the military junta inaugurated the Papel Prensa plant in San Justo. In, Remington, Robin Alison. Definitions and Meaning of military junta in , translation of military junta in Tamil language with similar and opposite words. Carrizo Salvadores had been sentenced to life imprisonment in 2013 for his part as a paratrooper captain in the so-called Rosario Chapel massacre in Catamarca Province, but was acquitted under the new government of Mauricio Macri. Several of the surviving military dictatorships in Africa also enacted measures to increase citizen participation in local governance. [116] A large wave of military dictatorships occurred in the 1970s,[20] and most of Latin America was under the rule of military dictatorships by the middle of the decade. The commission organized a tribunal to conduct a transparent prosecution of offenders, holding the Trial of the Juntas in 1985. "Polish Soldiers in Politics: The Party in Uniform?". [36] Civilian use of force through armed insurgency can destabilize a military dictatorship, though these are rare. The re-establishment of diplomatic ties allowed for CIA collaboration with the Argentine intelligence service in training and arming the Nicaraguan Contras against the Sandinista government. The UN has condemned the. Mxima thus became Queen when her husband ascended to the throne in 2013. Extreme right wing vigilante organizations - linked to Triple A or its kind of "subsidiary" Crdoba "Comando Libertadores de Amrica" - assassinated the union leader and ex-Peronist governor of Crdoba, Atilio Lpez, as well as leftist lawyers Rodolfo Ortega Pea and Silvio Frondizi - brother of the ousted former Argentine president Arturo Frondizi, who had served as first president between May 1, 1958, and March 29, 1962. Most caudillos came from a military background, and their rule was typically associated with pageantry and glamor. plural juntas. v t e A military dictatorship is a type of dictatorship in which power is held by one or more military officers acting on behalf of the military. In conformity with the National Security Doctrine, the Argentine military supported U.S. goals in Latin America while they pressured the United States to be more active in counter-revolutionary activities. [66], According to John Dinges's Los aos del Cndor, Chilean MIR prisoners in Orletti center told Jos Luis Bertazzo that they had seen two Cuban diplomats, Jess Cejas Arias and Crescencio Galaega, tortured by Gordon's group and interrogated by a man who came from Miami to interrogate them. A junta or military junta ( / hnt / or / dnt /) is a government led by a committee of military leaders. They barricaded themselves in several military barracks, demanding an end to the trials. (hunt, dn-, hn-) noun. Rodolfo Fernando, grandson of Roisinblit, is the first known newborn of missing children returned to his family through the work of the grandmothers. Toggle navigation.