Lactose-positive vibrio in seawater: a cause of pneumonia and septicemia in a drowning victim. Rev. Infections caused by a type of deadly, flesh-eating bacterium are becoming more common and widespread as ocean temperatures rise because of climate change. Version 20201215. 7780, 1020. Fulminant Overwhelming Necrotizing Vibrio vulnificus Sepsis Secondary Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Cases were reported from the Mexican border along the entire coast of the USA to Maine. Environmental suitability of Vibrio infections in a warming climate: An early warning system. Model Dev. 2006;166(19):2117. Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. More Questions & Answers Symptoms Diagnosis & Treatment infections. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most commonly reported species, responsible for 45,000 of the 80,000 Vibrio illnesses per year in the United States, the CDC says. & Moisen, G. G. PresenceAbsence: An R Package for Presence Absence Analysis. Vibrio vulnificusis a gram-negative bacterium of theVibriogenus which can cause severe and fatal disease [1]. Vibrio vulnificus is one of several forms of the Vibrio bacteria. He developed mild thrombocytopenia with platelets dropping to 115103 /uL (150450103/uL) which resolved spontaneously. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis243 (2012). Read . CAS Cookies policy. Chest X ray-AP on admission showing consolidations of the upper and middle zones of the left lung. Over the next 24h, his oxygen requirement rose and as he required vasopressor support, he was admitted to the intensive care unit. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. 5, 9 In . They are fermentative, facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli with a single polar flagellum. Baker-Austin, C. & Oliver, J. D. Rapidly developing and fatal Vibrio vulnificus wound infection. To assess whether the geographical distribution of cases has shifted over time, the mean latitude, 5th percentile (southern extent) and 95th percentile of latitude (northern extent) was calculated for the dataset in annual time steps. Between 1988 and 2016 there have been over 1100 wound infections reported in the USA with 159 associated fatalities, highlighting the significant yet underappreciated impact of this pathogen. Article By 20812100 cases increase again to more than 3 times baseline under SSP126. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles | READ MORE. This resulted in poor statistical relationships with V. vulnificus. Vibrio parahaemolyticus Symptoms usually appear 24 hours after exposure, but can range from 4 hours to 4 days. Climate warming and increasing Vibrio vulnificus infections in North Vibrio vulnificus infections are rare. The high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan reported severe consolidation changes affecting the entire left upper lobe (apart from lingular segment), and the entire left lower lobe (apart from the lateral segment). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aba5b1 (2020). Your US state privacy rights, PubMed However, over the last 30 years, these infections have been expanding farther and farther north, reaching latitudes as high as Philadelphia while still occurring in southern states like Texas. People with certain illnesses including people with chronic . 34, 655668. Here, we produce a systematic assessment of the changing distribution of V. vulnificus infections along the east USA coast using a unique 30-year V. vulnificus infection database. Notably, Vibrio vulnificus is not the only bacteria that can cause this affliction. Sci. Vezzulli, L., Colwell, R. R. & Pruzzo, C. Ocean warming and spread of pathogenic Vibrios in the aquatic environment. PubMed (Cambridge University Press, 2021). The 95th latitude percentile in 5-year bands is presented in the upper panel. March 27, 2023 A digitally colorized view of Vibrio vulnificus bacteria under a scanning electron microscope Janice Haney Carr / CDC Infections caused by a type of deadly, flesh-eating. Vibrio vulnificus frequently is isolated from seafood, environmental, and clinical samples using APW and colistin-polymyxin B . By 20812100, there is a notable between-scenario difference with little further change in the distribution under SSP126 but an expansion towards the southern Maine coastline (43.3N) under SSP370. Chang. Elliott, L. R. et al. 1264, (2021). Google Scholar. Sea surface temperature and salinity were considered but the coarse dataset resolution (25 by 25km vs 5 by 5km for air temperature and precipitation) meant that they were unable to capture conditions close to the coast (where there can be sharp gradients particularly in salinity near to estuaries) especially as the effective resolution (i.e., including density of the underlying salinity observations) may be coarser. On Fig. risk predictions based on the projected distribution of ideal environmental conditions (e.g.,9) but these predictions indicate the probable presence of Vibrio spp. State of the Global Climate 2020. Aged populations are more susceptible to V. vulnificus infections and when the projected population aged over 60 is calculated large increases in this age group are observed across all models from 17% at baseline to 31% by 20412060, and over 40% by 20812100. Gridded historical and future data sets of SST and salinity were downloaded for the Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model (AWI-CM-1-1-MR) at a spatial resolution of 25km35. The lower panel presents the 5th percentile, mean and 95th latitude percentile for individual years alongside 5-year rolling means. Vibrio vulnificus pneumonia with multiorgan failure: a case report and Newton, A., Kendall, M., Vugia, D. J., Henao, O. L. & Mahon, B. E. Increasing rates of vibriosis in the United States, 19962010: Review of surveillance data from 2 systems. The analysis used future downscaled climate data, bias corrected with current observational data, but future weather patterns may be different. The oceanographic and climate data may be freely obtained from the CMIP6 CEDA ESGF search portal for the Alfred Wegener Instituteand the WorldClim website. Learn more about Vibrio vulnificus. Vibrio vulnificus: An Environmental and Clinical Burden - PMC V. vulnificus wound infections due to seawater exposure are infrequent but mortality rates are high (~18%). Ecol. Vibrio vulnificus infections - UpToDate Meteorological conditions such as air temperature and precipitation not only influence SST and salinity (SST and air temperature are highly correlated27,28) but can also affect human behaviour and hence exposure to V. vulnificus. For SSP126 around half the change in case numbers is associated with climate change and the other half population change. J Clin Microbiol. He was gradually weaned to bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation and his fever settled by day six of ICU stay. A required sensitivity of 0.85 (ReqSens85) was chosen to ensure that that no more than 15% of risk locations were missed whilst maintaining the highest degree of specificity possible. The patients ICU stay was complicated with an non oliguric acute kidney injury with serum creatinine rising up to 8.67mg/dL (0.811.44mg/dL). Figure2 presents the latitudinal distribution of V. vulnificus cases by year and shows that the 5th percentile of latitude (henceforth southern extent) of cases has remained constant at the Mexican border and not shifted northwards (linear trend p=0.237), whereas the mean case latitude has moved northward at 0.13 (~15km) p.a. At the ETU, he was commenced on non-invasive ventilation (bilevel positive pressure ventilation IPAP-12cmH2O, EPAP-6 cmH2O, FiO2-40%) to support his breathing. 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Cost of Foodborne Illness Estimates for Vibrio vulnificus. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. undertook the analysis with specific input from T.J.O. Water Health 9, 680694. V. vulnificus is part of the normal bacterial flora of estuarine waters and occurs in high numbers in molluscan shellfish around the world . However, this is an unlikely worst-case scenario that is at odds with increasing clean energy use22. It causes a serious form of the illness vibriosis that can quickly lead to sepsis, shock and large, spreading blisters that destroy tissues. PubMed Central His antibiotics were changed to intravenous ceftriaxone and doxycycline following a positive blood culture report of Vibrio vulnificus. USA. Currently the case fatality rate for V. vulnificus wound infections is around 18%12. 111, 32283232. Impacts may be especially acute on the worlds coastlines which provide a major interface between natural ecosystems and human populations and are a particular source of human disease. A new scenario framework for climate change research: The concept of shared socioeconomic pathways. in 1988 to around 80 p.a. Vibriosis: - PMC - National Center for Biotechnology Information In the past, V. vulnificus cases have typically occurred along the Gulf of Mexico and the southern coast of the Atlantic Ocean but were uncommon in the waters north of Georgia. It is also likely his premorbid good state of health contributed to his recovery. Clim. When humans go swimming or wading, the bacteria can find their way into wounds, cuts and even insect bites; people can also accidentally ingest V. vulnificus and other Vibrio species while eating raw or undercooked seafood, such as oysters. Kuhn, M. caret: Classification and Regression Training (2021). Dis. There are over 80 species of Vibrio bacteria, over 20 of which can cause vibriosis. Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, occurring in warm low-salinity waters. Our projections of V. vulnificus infection distribution and population at risk have multiple strengths. V. vulnificus is a potentially fatal pathogen with spread occurring faeco-orally and via the skin. Treatment is increasingly challenging as V. vulnificus has begun to develop resistance against certain antibiotics due to their indiscriminate use. The Vibrionacea includes three main human pathogens: Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday. Vibrio Species Causing Vibriosis | Vibrio Illness (Vibriosis) | CDC The U.S. has a growing population of elderly individuals, who may be more vulnerable to the harmful pathogen, per the study. van Zyl, G. U. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15716 (2021). And typically the bacteria are only a summer health hazard, with 85% . Under SSP585, the tmax model (20812100) indicates 14,400km of coastline where infections are present and stretches as far North as the St Lawrence River. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1509 (2017). From the air temperature data tmean was calculated as the average of 12-monthly values for each time period. 1. Case presentation We describe an unusual case of a 61-year-old male patient with chronic liver disease and diabetes who presented with a chief complaint of pain in both lower legs due to V. vulnificus infection in winter. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Basic Demographic Characteristics, Revision 11 (NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), 2018). All authors provided advice and interpretation of the analysis, edited multiple versions of the manuscript, and contributed to revisions. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-023-03943-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-023-03943-9. Both mean air temperature (tmean) and maximum air temperature (tmax) were individually statistically significant (p<0.001) with a high area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC; 0.999 and 0.998, respectively) indicating good predictive accuracy for V. vulnificus infection presence. These associations with climate have led to Vibrio species being collectively recognised as a microbial barometer of climate change5. 2). Vibrio vulnificus infections may manifest as wound infections or as primary septicemia. This model was used to predict future disease distribution using data simulated by seven Global Climate Models (GCMs) which belong to the newest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Cutis 107, E12E17. In addition, immunocompromised hosts are more likely to develop severe disease [2]. The inter-sectoral impact model intercomparison project (ISI-MIP): Project framework. Subsequently, he was transferred to the high dependency area of the medical ward. Vibrio vulnificus is transmitted via consumption of contaminated seafood and contaminated seawater skin exposure. Foodborne infections result in primary septicemia in susceptible individuals and in most instances, these are sporadic. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2018.1548696 (2019). sepsis, and potentially death. Model. 1991;90(1):846. COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction, melioidosis antibodies and retroviral screening were negative. Article vulnificus causes gastroenteritis and wound infections with severe symptoms that frequently carry a high fatality rate (Jones and Oliver, 2009). World Meteorological Organisation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2198 (2017). Its critical to get out public health messaging, such as when its not advisable to swim or when you should avoid these waters if you have an open wound, says Amy Sapkota, an environmental health scientist at the University of Maryland who was not involved in the study, to NBC News Denise Chow. Accurate diagnosis, rapid antibiotic treatment, and prompt surgery are important to stopping this infection. Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria found in warm, low salinity waters. 1980;11(3):27880. Relevant data was recorded by IAA and WDP. Bronchoscopy was performed on day two of ICU care which demonstrated thick secretions from left upper bronchial segments. His SpO2 improved to 92% with 3l/min of Oxygen via nasal cannula. Prognostic factors and antibiotics in Vibrio vulnificus septicemia. Heng S-P, Letchumanan V, Deng C-Y, Ab Mutalib N-S, Khan TM, Chuah L-H, et al. An estimate of the cost of acute health effects from food- and water-borne marine pathogens and toxins in the USA. Alongside causing around 100 cases annually in the USA13, the economic burden of V. vulnificus wound infections is estimated at over US$ 28 million/year12. 25, 7684. Google Scholar. conceived the idea and E.J.A. Vibriosis: Symptoms and treatment - Canada.ca Med. A spike last year, which amounted to 74 cases and 17 deaths, was due to the . there are an estimated 84,000 people in the U.S. who contract an infection from Vibrio every year. An accurate location of exposure is important, and for most cases this was based on the city/county where the individual lived or travelled to in the days preceding symptoms. most cases of V. vulnificus infection are usually found in tropical or subtropical regions . Our case highlights the more atypical forms of presentation of Vibrio vulnificus infection. Deadly Waterborne Bacteria Are Surging Due to Climate Change The maximum of these values was also calculated. Oceanogr. 144, 195207. Gastroenteritis and sepsis are commonly associated with the consumption of raw oysters, whereas wound infection is often associated with the handling of contaminated fish. Center for International Earth Science Information Network. Part II Top. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v023.i11 (2008). Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium that causes food-related illness and wound infections. Nature 577, 618620. 1). The mean and maximum salinity and mean and maximum SST were then calculated from these 12 values. When the coastline where infections are present is combined with the SSP-specific population, the impacts diverge further between SSPs. Vibrio vulnificus. And without intervention to halt global warming, such cases are likely to continue increasing and spreading, according to a paper published Thursday in the journal Scientific Reports. The northward V. vulnificus infection expansion stresses the need for increased individual and public health V. vulnificus awareness in these areas. Individual data were obtained for seven GCMs (BCC-CSM2-MR, CNRM-CM6-1, CNRM-ESM2-1, CanESM5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, MIROC-ES2L, MIROC6) downscaled at a spatial resolution of 2.5 arcminutes (~4.6km) (see Table S1 for GCM references). per the CDC. Sputum culture revealed no growth. Editor. Fatality rates are significantly higher in immunocompromised patients [2]. R Core Team. Future scenarios of risk of Vibrio infections in a warming planet: A global mapping study. These are referred to hereafter as SSP126 and SSP370. Vibrio vulnificus : An Environmental and Clinical Burden The 95th latitude percentile (henceforth northern extent) of V. vulnificus cases has extended northwards at 0.43 (~48km) p.a. The distribution was assumed to extend southwards along the US coastline to the Mexican border (25.95N; cases were reported along the entire coastline to this border; Fig. 1). SSPs incorporate changes in climate and changes in population. Vibrio spp. Water and wounds do not mix. Ground glass opacities and atelectatic changes were seen in the left lingular segment and lateral segment (Fig. This is crucial as prompt action when symptoms occur is necessary to prevent major health outcomes32. Vibriosis: Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, and More - Verywell Health Error bars represent the highest and lowest estimate from individual GCM predictions. Some studies have made future Vibrio spp. Vibrio vulnificus is an increasingly recognized human pathogen with a low incidence but a high wound infection fatality rate of~18%12. Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium causing three clinical syndromes namely, gastrointestinal symptoms, skin sepsis and primary sepsis. & Martinez-Urtaza, J. Symptoms of vibriosis Several species of Vibrio can cause illness in humans including V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus ,and V. alginolyticus. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. PubMed Atypical Vibrio sp. The tailing off of population at risk for many SSPs between 20412060 and 20812100 is notable. However, far future predictions indicate a~2100km difference in coastline where infections are present between SSP126 and SSP585. Repeated CXRs on day four and day seven showed persisting dense consolidations, mainly involving the left lung (Fig. Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium causing three clinical syndromes namely, gastrointestinal symptoms, skin sepsis and primary sepsis. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Our projections indicate that climate change will have a major effect on V. vulnificus infection distribution and number in Eastern USA, likely due to warming coastal waters favouring presence of bacteria and elevated temperatures leading to more coastal recreation. She covers history, science, travel, food and beverage, sustainability, economics and other topics. All coefficients and metrics of model performance were averaged over the 100 replicates. CAS Lee County has seen 29 confirmed cases and four deaths from the bacteria Vibrio vulnificus this year, according to the latest official . Future scenarios of risk of Vibrio infections in a warming planet: a J. Environ. 42, 153168. Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, occurring in warm low-salinity waters. Risk was estimated by calculating the total population within 200km of the disease distribution. The study area includes the USA Gulf Coast, a global hotspot for V. vulnificus infection15, and the Atlantic coastline where reported V. vulnificus infections are increasingly common6. Chest X-ray revealed consolidation of the left lung. Correspondence to Privacy Statement Exposure case location was assumed as the nearest coastline to an individuals home/travel county, but case location was only used to define the current V. vulnificus distribution. Beyond that, some people who become infected need to have their limbs amputated. In the near future (i.e., 20212040), the length of the coastline where infections are present increases to between 10,800 and 10,900km under all scenarios. Fernndez-Rendn, C. L. et al. Nat. Together, the findings outline the effect that climate change is already having on human health and the coastline, study co-author Iain Lake, an environmental scientist at the University of East Anglia in England, says in a statement. For the future time period the output from all 7 GCMs were averaged to generate a multi-model mean prediction of the distribution. Clin. Models were generated using oceanographic and climate data. On arrival to the ICU, he was intubated and initiated on lung protective ventilation. Vibriosis causes an estimated 80,000 illnesses and 100 deaths in the United States every year. Vibrio vulnificus can make its way into the body through eating raw . A lower Required Sensitivity threshold was not applied as V. vulnificus is a rare infection and it is important not to misidentify true locations as absences45.